Diversity and Health Publications

2013

Applying Community Engagement to Disaster Planning: Developing the Vision and Design for the Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Initiative — June 7

Assessing Programs Designed to Improve Outcomes for Children Exposed to Violence: Results from Nine Randomized Controlled Trials — February 1

Association Between Perceived Discrimination and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Problem Behaviors Among Preadolescent Youths — January 1

Association of Discrimination-Related Trauma with Sexual Risk Among HIV-Positive African American Men Who Have Sex with Men — January 1

Community-partnered Evaluation of Depression Services for Clients of Community-Based Agencies in Under-Resourced Communities in Los Angeles — January 1

Disparities in Criminal Court Referrals to Drug Treatment and Prison for Minority Men — January 1

Does a Quality Improvement Intervention for Anxiety Result in Differential Outcomes for Lower-Income Patients? — February 1

Exploring Community Health Center and Faith-Based Partnerships: Community Residents' Perspectives — February 1

Fair Pricing Law Prompts Most California Hospitals to Adopt Policies to Protect Uninsured Patients from High Charges — June 1

For States That Opt Out of Medicaid Expansion: 3.6 Million Fewer Insured and $8.4 Billion Less in Federal Payments — June 1

Getting Actionable About Community Resilience: The Los Angeles County Community Disaster Resilience Project — June 7

The Math of State Medicaid Expansion — June 7

Provincial Screening Rates for Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle, Cancers and HIV in a Health-Insured Population — January 1

Reducing Quality-of-Care Disparities in Childhood Asthma: La Red De Asma Infantil Intervention in San Juan, Puerto Rico — March 1

2012

The Effect of Race-Ethnicity and Geography on the Comparative Effectiveness of Clozapine Among Medicaid Beneficiaries — January 1

The Impact of Natural Disasters on Child Health and Investments in Rural India — January 1

Masculinity and HIV Risk Among Homeless Men in Los Angeles — January 1

Morbid Obesity Rates Continue to Rise Rapidly in the United States — September 1

Reporting CAHPS and HEDIS Data by Race/Ethnicity for Medicare Beneficiaries — January 1

California Hospitals Serving Large Minority Populations Were More Likely Than Others To Employ Ambulance Diversion — August 1

Can Hospital Cultural Competency Reduce Disparities in Patient Experiences with Care? — October 30

Change in Binge Eating and Binge Eating Disorder Associated with Migration from Mexico to the US — January 1

Depression and Its Relationship to Work Status and Income Among HIV Clients in Uganda — September 1

Determinants of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Incidence of Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women in the U.S.: The Women's Health Initiative 1993–2009 — January 1

Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences Are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up — August 1

Do Physician Organizations Located in Lower Socioeconomic Status Areas Score Lower on Pay-for-Performance Measures? — May 1

The Effect of Race-Ethnicity and Geography on Adoption of Innovations in the Treatment of Schizophrenia — January 1

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress Through 2011 — August 16

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress Through 2011 — Summary — August 16

Experiences of Care Among Medicare Beneficiaries with ESRD: Medicare Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Survey Results — January 1

Gender Differences in Patients' Perceptions of Inpatient Care — January 1

Hispanic and Black US Children's Paths to High Adolescent Obesity Prevalence — January 1

Integrating Susceptibility Into Environmental Policy: An Analysis of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Lead — March 1

Mexican Immigration to the US and Alcohol and Drug Use Opportunities: Does It Make a Difference in Alcohol And/Or Drug Use? — September 1

Monitoring Cancer Outcomes Across the Continuum: Data Synthesis and Analysis for the District of Columbia — September 6

Moving Towards Culturally Competent Health Systems: Organizational and Market Factors — September 1

Multiple Patient Safety Events Within a Single Hospitalization: A National Profile in US Hospitals — January 1

Negotiation Strategies for Antiretroviral Drug Purchasers in the United States — June 29

Neighborhood Poverty, Park Use, and Park-Based Physical Activity in a Southern California City — January 1

2011

The Association Between Care Experiences and Parent Ratings of Care for Different Racial, Ethnic, and Language Groups in a Medicaid Population — February 23

Building Capacity for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Delivery for Depression in Disaster-Impacted Contexts — June 1

Childhood Socio-Economic Status and the Onset, Persistence, and Severity of DSM-IV Metal Disorders in a US National Sample — October 1

Collection Of Race And Ethnicity Data By Health Plans Has Grown Substantially, But Opportunities Remain To Expand Efforts — January 1

A Cross-National Study on Mexico-US Migration, Substance Use and Substance Use Disorders — August 1

Differential Item Functioning By Survey Language Among Older Hispanics Enrolled in Medicare Managed Care — May 1

Discrimination as a Key Mediator of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress and HIV Treatment Adherence Among African American Men — February 1

Factors Associated with Closures of Emergency Departments in the United States — May 18

Factors Associated with Prolonged Emergency Department Length of Stay for Admitted Children — January 1

Faith-based Organizations, Science, and the Pursuit of Health — February 1

HIV Risk and Perceptions of Masculinity Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men — January 1

HIV Risks and Seroprevalence Among Mexican American Injection Drug Users in California — January 1

How Do the Experiences of Medicare Beneficiary Subgroups Differ Between Managed Care and Original Medicare? — August 1

Immunization Disparities By Hispanic Ethnicity and Language Preference — January 24

Insurance Expansion and Health Literacy — August 1

The In Vivo Adherence Intervention for at Risk Adolescents with Asthma: Report of a Randomized Pilot Trial — January 1

Migration from Mexico to the United States and Conduct Disorder: A Cross National Study — December 1

A Model Health Care Delivery System for Medicaid — January 1

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive Function in Women — January 1

Partnered Evaluation of a Community Engagement Intervention: Use of a Kickoff Conference in a Randomized Trial for Depression Care Improvement in Underserved Communities — January 1

Patient and Provider Characteristics Associated with the Decision of HIV Coinfected Patients to Start Hepatitis C Treatment — September 1

The Patient-Centered Medical Home, Practice Patterns, and Functional Outcomes for Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder — January 1

Patient Incentives to Motivate Doctor Visits and Reduce Hypertension Disparities — November 30

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.: How to Ensure That They Help Reduce Disparities--Not Increase Them — October 1

Patients' Literacy Skills: More Than Just Reading Ability — January 1

2010

Adoption and Use of Stand-Alone Electronic Prescribing in a Health Plan-Sponsored Initiative — March 1

Association Between Physician Specialty and Uptake of New Medical Technologies: HPV Tests in Florida Medicaid — November 1

Crystal Methamphetamine Use Among American Indian and White Youth in Appalachia: Social Context, Masculinity, and Desistance — January 1

Effectiveness of Collaborative Care in Addressing Depression Treatment Preferences Among Low-Income Latinos — January 1

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2008 and 2009 — June 17

Financial Barriers to the Adoption of Combination Vaccines By Pediatricians — January 1

Hospital Executives' Perspectives on Pay-for-Performance and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Care — October 1

Housing Affordability and Health Among Homeowners and Renters — January 1

Medical Home Capabilities of Primary Care Practices That Serve Sociodemographically Vulnerable Neighborhoods — January 1

Medical Leadership in an Increasingly Complex World — January 1

Neighborhood Characteristics Favorable to Outdoor Physical Activity: Disparities by Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Composition — January 1

Neighborhood Effects on Health: Concentrated Advantage and Disadvantage — January 1

Neighbourhood Socioeconomic Status and Biological 'Wear and Tear' in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults — October 1

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Laying the Infrastructure for National Health Reform — June 1

Paying for Performance in Primary Care: Potential Impact on Practices and Disparities — May 1

Predictors of Adequate Depression Treatment Among Medicaid-enrolled Adults — February 1

Private Sector Participation and Health System Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa — January 1

Private Sector Participation and Health System Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa — December 14

A Prototype Interactive Mapping Tool to Target Low Health Literacy in Missouri — April 29

Quality of Cancer Care Among Foreign-Born and US-born Patients with Lung or Colorectal Cancer — January 1

Racial/ethnic Differences in Patients' Perceptions of Inpatient Care Using the HCAHPS Survey — February 1

Racial/ethnic Differences in Patients' Perceptions of Inpatient Care Using the HCAHPS Survey — January 1

Reducing Disparities and Improving Quality: Understanding the Needs of Small Primary Care Practices — January 1

Understanding Gender and Health: Old Patterns, New Trends, and Future Directions — January 1

The Unusually Poor Physical Health Status of Cambodian Refugees Two Decades After Resettlement — September 29

2009

Assessing Parolees' Health Care Needs and Potential Access to Health Care Services in California — June 17

Association of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms with Sexual Dysfunction: A Cross-Cultural Study Between Japanese and American Men with Localized Prostate Cancer — January 1

Celebrate Victory — January 1

Children's Health in Washington, D.C.: Access and Health Challenges Despite High Insurance Coverage Rates — October 28

Community Partners in Care: Leveraging Community Diversity to Improve Depression Care for Underserved Populations — January 1

Demographic and Social Characteristics and Spending at the End of Life — January 1

Develop a Vision — January 1

Does Mental Health History Explain Gender Disparities in Insomnia Symptoms Among Young Adults? — January 1

Ethnic Differences in Posttraumatic Distress: Hispanics' Symptoms Differ in Kind and Degree — January 1

Health and Health Care Among District of Columbia Youth — September 18

Immigrants and Health Care Access, Quality, and Cost. — August 1

Improving Disparity Estimates for Rare Racial/ethnic Groups with Trend Estimation and Kalman Filtering: An Application to the National Health Interview Survey — January 1

Lifecourse Priorities Among Appalachian Emerging Adults: Revisiting Wallace's Organization of Diversity — January 1

Moving from Ethnography to Epidemiology: Lessons Learned in Appalachia — January 1

Perceived Racial/ethnic Discrimination Among Fifth-Grade Students and Its Association with Mental Health — January 1

Race and Sex Differences in the Receipt of Timely and Appropriate Lung Cancer Treatment — January 1

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pneumonia Treatment and Mortality — January 1

Racial/ethnic Disparities in the Mental Health Care Utilization of Fifth Grade Children — January 1

Reducing Inequities Among Children with Asthma in the Island of Puerto Rico: Experiences of a Community-Based, Trans-Sectoral Effort — November 1

Reparable Harm: Assessing and Addressing Disparities Faced by Boys and Men of Color in California — January 4

Reparable Harm: Assessing and Addressing Disparities Faced by Boys and Men of Color in California, Executive Summary — January 4

Social Capital and Health Care Access: A Systematic Review — January 1

The Socioeconomic, Health, Safety, and Education Disparities Faced by Boys and Men of Color in California — January 27

Too Cold for a Jog? Weather, Exercise, and Socioeconomic Status — June 1

Using the Census Bureau's Surname List to Improve Estimates of Race/Ethnicity and Associated Disparities — January 1

2008

Access to Appointments Based on Insurance Status in Washington, D.C. — August 1

Age and Gender Differences in Medicare Expenditures and Service Utilization at the End of Life for Lung Cancer Decedents — January 1

Biomarkers of Psychological Stress in Health Disparities Research — January 1

Bringing Experimental Design to Community-Partnered Participatory Research — January 1

Challenges for Multilevel Health Disparities Research in a Transdisciplinary Environment — January 1

Challenges to Using a Business Case for Addressing Health Disparities — January 1

Constrained Choice: Why Are Some Women and Men Able To Create and Maintain Healthy Lifestyles, While Others Are Not? — April 10

Creating Equity Reports: A Guide for Hospitals — January 1

Cultural and Community Determinants of Subjective Social Status Among Cherokee and White Youth — January 1

Determinants of Health Insurance Status for Children of Latino Immigrant and Other US Farm Workers: Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey — January 1

Direct and Indirect Aggression During Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences, Intercorrelations, and Relations to Maladjustment — September 1

Disparities in the Food Environment Surrounding US Middle and High Schools — July 1

Does Place Explain Racial Health Disparities? Quantifying the Contribution of Residential Context to the Black/white Health Gap in the United States — January 1

Do Neighborhood Economic Conditions Influence the Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables? — August 11

Do Variations in Provider Discussions Explain Socioeconomic Disparities in Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction? — April 1

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2006 and 2007 — December 21

Falling Short: Continued Challenges in Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Children with Special Health Care Needs — June 1

Immigrants and Health Care: A Complex Picture — January 15

Language and Regional Differences in Evaluations of Medicare Managed Care By Hispanics — April 1

The National Health Plan Collaborative to Reduce Disparities and Improve Quality — May 1

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Whites, Blacks, and Mexican Americans in the United States — June 1

A New Method for Estimating Race/Ethnicity and Associated Disparities Where Administrative Records Lack Self-Reported Race/Ethnicity — January 1

Out of the Ivory Tower, Into the Real World: Examples of Street-Smart Community Health Research — November 20

Racial Disparities in Access to Care for Men in a Public Assistance Program for Prostate Cancer — January 1

Sample Designs for Measuring the Health of Small Racial/ethnic Subgroups — January 1

2007

Adolescent Participation in Preventive Health Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Nutrition: Differences Across Immigrant Generations for Asians and Latinos Compared with Whites — February 1

Antiretroviral (ARV) Drug Resistance in the Developing World — January 1

Are Prisoner Characteristics Associated with Therapeutic Community Treatment Process? — January 1

Are Racial Disparities in Alcohol Treatment Completion Associated with Racial Differences in Treatment Modality Entry? Comparison of Outpatient Treatment and Residential Treatment in Los Angeles County, 1998 to 2000 — November 1

A Community-Based Participatory Assessment of Health Care Needs in Post-Katrina New Orleans: An Update for Community Members and Advocates — May 1

Community Characteristics Associated with HIV Risk Among Injection Drug Users in the San Francisco Bay Area: A Multilevel Analysis — January 1

Contribution of Public Parks to Physical Activity — March 1

The Cumulative Effects of Quality Improvement for Depression on Outcome Disparities Over 9 Years: Results from a Randomized, Controlled Group-Level Trial — November 1

Effect of Patient Socioeconomic Status and Body Mass Index on the Quality of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy — January 20

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2004 and 2005 — March 26

Gender Disparities in Managed Care It's Time for Action — January 1

Health Disparities and Access to Health — March 1

Immigrants and Health Care: Sources of Vulnerability — September 15

A Multilevel Decomposition Approach to Estimate the Role of Program Location and Neighborhood Disadvantage in Racial Disparities in Alcohol Treatment Completion — January 1

Neighborhood Context and Ethnicity Differences in Body Mass Index: A Multilevel Analysis Using the NHANES III Survey (1988-1994) — July 1

Racial Differences in the Use of Epidural Analgesia for Labor — January 1

Racial Disparities in Completion Rates from Publicly Funded Alcohol Treatment: Economic Resources Explain More Than Demographics and Addiction Severity — April 1

Racial Disparities in the Surgical Management of Stress Incontinence Among Female Medicare Beneficiaries — May 1

Social and Racial Differences in Selection of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy Regimens — January 1

Social Networks and Access to Health Care Among Mexican-Americans — October 1

Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Discussion of Cancer Screening: "Between-" versus "Within-" Physician Differences — June 1

Health Care Markets, the Safety Net, and Utilization of Care Among the Uninsured — February 1

2006

African American Women and Family Planning Services: Perceptions of Discrimination — January 1

Building an Academic-Community Partnered Network for Clinical Services Research: The Community Health Improvement Collaborative (CHIC) — January 1

Cultural Competency and Quality of Care: Obtaining the Patient's Perspective — January 1

Differential Exposure and Reactivity to Interpersonal Stress Predict Sex Differences in Adolescent Depression — January 1

Disease and Disadvantage in the United States and in England — May 1

Disparities in Care for HIV Patients: Results of the HCSUS Study — April 3

Disparities in Primary Care for Vulnerable Children: The Influence of Multiple Risk Factors — January 1

Does Utilization of Screening Mammography Explain Racial and Ethnic Differences in Breast Cancer? — January 1

Ethics of Clinical Research Within a Community-Academic Partnered Participatory Framework — January 1

Exploring Stress and Coping Among Urban African American Adolescents: The Shifting the Lens Study — January 1

Heterogeneity of Childhood Asthma Among Hispanic Children: Puerto Rican Children Bear a Disproportionate Burden — January 1

The Impact of Interpreters on Parents' Experiences with Ambulatory Care for Their Children — January 1

Improved Asthma Care After Enrollment in the State Children's Health Insurance Program in New York — January 1

Improving Access to Needed Health Care Improves Low-Income Children’s Quality of Life — October 12

Linguistic Disparities in Health Care Access and Health Status Among Older Adults — January 1

Patterns and Correlates of Deliberate Abstinence Among Men and Women with HIV/AIDS — January 1

The PedsQLTM 4.0 as a School Population Health Measure: Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity — January 1

Psychometric Characteristics of a Patient Satisfaction Instrument Tailored to the Concerns of African Americans — January 1

Quality of Osteoarthritis Care for Community-Dwelling Older Adults — January 1

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Cardiovascular Surgeons — January 1

Seventy-five Years Is an Appropriate Upper Age Limit for Population-Based Mammography Screening — January 1

Triple Jeopardy for Vulnerable Children: Greater Health Needs, Less Access, Poorer Primary Care — January 1

Use of Geocoding and Surname Analysis to Estimate Race and Ethnicity — January 1

Variations in Reconstruction After Radical Cystectomy — January 1

Victimization and Health Among Indigent Young Women in the Transition to Adulthood: A Portrait of Need — January 1

2005

Addressing Disparities in the Quality of Breast Cancer Chemotherapy — January 1

Are African Americans Really Less Willing to Use Health Care? — January 1

Disparities and Quality Improvement: Federal Policy Levers — January 1

Do Cardiologists Perceive Racial or Ethnic Disparities in the Treatment of Heart Patients? Results of A RAND Survey — November 24

Does Neighborhood Deterioration Lead to Poor Health? — November 25

Do People with HIV Get the Dental Care They Need? Results of the HCSUS Study — November 25

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005 — October 10

Health disparities - less talk, more action — January 1

HIV Testing Among Indigent Women: Who Gets Tested? — November 25

How Criminal System Racial Disparities May Translate Into Health Disparities — January 1

Legal Status and Health Insurance Among Immigrants — January 1

Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy Are Often Undertreated — November 25

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Asthma Diagnosis Among Children Who Wheeze — January 1

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Perspectives of Cardiologists — January 1

Rethinking Gender Differences in Health: Why We Need to Integrate Social and Biological Perspectives — January 1

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy — January 1

Undertreatment of Obese Women Receiving Breast Cancer Chemotherapy — June 1

Use of Geocoding in Managed Care Settings to Identify Quality Disparities — January 1

Weight Gain Trends Across Sociodemographic Groups in the United States — January 1

2004

Accommodating Ethnic Diversity: A Study of California Hospice Programs — January 1

Disparities in HIV Treatment and Physician Attitudes About Delaying Protease Inhibitors for Nonadherent Patients — January 1

Disparities in Transplantation: What Should We Do? — January 1

Does Medicare Managed Care Provide Equal Treatment for Mental Illness Across Races? — January 1

Does Racial Concordance Between HIV-positive Patients and Their Physicians Affect the Time to Receipt of Protease Inhibitors? — January 1

Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to 2004 — December 11

From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking — January 1

Health Care Markets, the Safety Net and Access to Care Among the Uninsured — January 1

Health Plan Effects on Patient Assessments of Medicaid Managed Care Among Racial/ethnic Minorities — January 1

Measuring Health Status and Quality of Life for US Children: Relationship to Race, Ethnicity, and Income Status — January 1

A Network-Based System to Improve Care for Schizophrenia: The Medical Informatics Network Tool (MINT) — January 1

R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Patient Reports of Disrespect in the Health Care Setting and Its Impact on Care. — January 1

The Role of Culturally Competent Communication in Reducing Ethnic and Racial Healthcare Disparities — January 1

Sociodemographic Differences in Access to Care Among Hispanic Patients Who Are HIV Infected in the United States — January 1

Sociodemographic Differences in Use of Preventive Services By Women Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans — January 1

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Indicator Scores for Diabetes: Poor Quality or Poor Measures? — November 1

Use of Preventive Services by Men Enrolled in Medicare+Choice Plans — January 1

2003 & Older

Can Health Care Quality Indicators Be Transferred Between Countries? — January 1, 2003

Do Differences in Relationship and Partner Attributes Explain Disparities in Sexually Transmitted Disease Among Young White and Black Women? — January 1, 2003

Do Health Care Ratings Differ By Race or Ethnicity? — January 1, 2003

The Effect of Capitation on Switching Primary Care Physicians — January 1, 2003

Geographical Variations in Medicare Spending — January 1, 2003

Geographic Disparities in Children's Mental Health Care — January 1, 2003

How Do Patients Choose Physicians? Evidence from a National Survey of Enrollees in Employment-Related Health Plans — January 1, 2003

The Labor Market Consequences of Race Differences in Health — January 1, 2003

Methods for Using Medicare Data to Compare Procedure Rates Among Asians, Black, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Whites — January 1, 2003

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Public and Private Medical Care Expenditures Among Aged Medicare Beneficiaries — January 1, 2003

Racial Disparity in the Dose and Dose Intensity of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy — January 1, 2003

Temporal Trends in Radical Prostatectomy Complications from 1991-1998 — January 1, 2003

Variation in Racial and Ethnic Differences in Consumer Assessments of Health Care — January 1, 2003

Waiting Times in California's Emergency Departments — January 1, 2003

Why Is Poverty Unhealthy? Social and Physical Mediators — January 1, 2003

Addressing Health Disparities: Where Should We Start? — January 1, 2002

Addressing Racial and Ethnic Barriers to Effective Health Care: The Need for Better Data : Health Plans Can Play a Critical Role in Eliminating Health Disparities By Developing Viable Data Collection Strategies--And Using Them — January 1, 2002

Age and Gender Differences in Health Care Utilization and Spending for Medicare Beneficiaries in Their Last Years of Life — January 1, 2002

Contribution of Major Diseases to Disparities in Mortality — January 1, 2002

David Satcher Takes Stock — January 1, 2002

Health Disparities and the Quality of Ambulatory Care — January 1, 2002

Health-related Quality of Life, Depressive Symptoms, Anemia and Malnutrition at Hemodialysis Initiation — January 1, 2002

A Prospective Study of Predictors of Adherence to Combination Antiretroviral Medication — January 1, 2002

Racial Variation in Quality of Care Among Medicare+choice Enrollees: Black/white Patterns of Racial Disparities in Health Care Do No Necessarily Apply to Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans — January 1, 2002

The Road to Eliminating Disparities in Health Care — January 1, 2002

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Cover: Why Are Many Emergency Departments in the United States Closing?

Why Are Many Emergency Departments in the United States Closing?

Between 1990 and 2009, the number of emergency rooms (ERs) in nonrural U.S. hospitals declined by 27 percent (from 2,446 to 1,779). Economic factors play a central role in an ER's ability to remain open.