Aging and Retirement

Population aging creates social, economic, and political issues that make systematic, informed planning of policies concerning the elderly a national imperative. Although research on aging is a relatively new field, the L&P has already made important, policy-relevant contributions in several substantive areas: for example, determinants of retirement; consumption and saving; health and functioning; health care and financing; the economic costs of poor health; the roles of support networks and resource transfers for the elderly; and financial well-being—as well as a parallel set of issues for aging in developing countries.

View Publications | View ProjectsPublications in this area:

Agree, Emily M., and Vicki A. Freedman, "The Implications of Population Aging for Geriatric Health," in 5th ed., Joseph J. Gallo, et al., editors, Clinical Aspects of Aging, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkens, 1999, pp. 659-669 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-792).

Attanasio, Orazio P. and Susann Rohwedder, "Pension Wealth and Household Saving: Evidence from Pension Reforms in the United Kingdom." The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 5, pp. 1499-1521, December 2003 (also available as RAND reprint RP-1206).

Aykan, Hakan, Vicki A. Freedman, and Linda G. Martin, Re-weighting the Second Supplement on Aging to the 1994 National Health Interview Survey for Trend Analyses, DRU-2066, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999.

Beard, Victoria, and Yacobus Kunharibowo, Living Arrangements and Support Relationships Among Elderly Indonesians: Case Studies from Java and Sumatra, DRU-2323-NIA/WFHF, Santa Monica: RAND, 2000.

Beckett, Megan, Noreen Goldman, Maxine Weinstein, I-fen Lin, and Yi-li Chuang, "Social Environment, Stress, and Health among the Elderly in Taiwan," Social Science and Medicine, forthcoming.

Beckett, Megan, "Converging Health Inequalities in Later Life-an Artifact of Mortality Selection?," Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 41, 2000, pp. 106-119 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-884).

Beckett, Megan, Noreen Goldman, Maxine Weinstein, I-fen Lin, and Yi-li Chuang, "Social Environment, Life Challenge, and Health Among the Elderly in Taiwan," Social Science and Medicine, No. 55, 2002, pp. 191-209 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-1014).

Beckett, Megan, Maxine Weinstein, Noreen Goldman and Lin Yu-Husan, "Do Health Interview Surveys Yield Reliable Data on Chronic Illness Among Older Respondents," American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 151, No. 3, 2000, pp. 315-323 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-882).

Burkhauser, Richard, and Paul J. Gertler, "An Introduction to Health and Retirement," Journal of Human Resources, Vol. XXX, Supplement, 1995, pp. 51-56.

Chan, Angelique, "How Do Parents and Children Help One Another? Socioeconomic Determinants of Intergenerational Transfers," Journal of Population, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1996, pp. 43-82.

Chan, Angelique, and Julie S. DaVanzo, "Ethnic Differences in Parents' Coresidence With Adult Children in Peninsular Malaysia," Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1996, pp. 29-59 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-602).

Cox, Amy G., and Anne R. Pebley, Grandparent Care and Welfare: Assessing the Impact of Public Policy on Split and Three Generation Families, DRU-2166, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999.

DaVanzo, Julie S., and Angelique Chan, "Living Arrangements of Older Malaysian-Who Coresides with Their Adult Children?," Demography, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1994, pp. 95-113 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-284).

Davidson, Joyce N., The Demographics of the Elderly Population of the Westside of Los Angeles County, P-7785, Santa Monica, CA: RAND,1992.

Fonseca, Raquel, Pierre-Carl Michaud, Thepthida Sopraseuth, Entrepreneurship, Wealth, Liquidity Constraints and Start-up Costs, WR-500.

Freedman, Vicki A., "Long-Term Admissions to Home Health Agencies: A Life Table Analysis," The Gerontologist, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1999, pp. 16-24 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-764).

Freedman, Vicki A., "Family Structure and the Risk of Nursing Home Admission," Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, Vol. 51B, No. 2, 1996, pp. P55-P63 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-522).

Freedman, Vicki A., and Peter Kemper, "The Design of Home Care Benefits: The Range of Options and Experience," Journal of Aging and Social Policy, Vol. 7, No. 3/4, 1996, pp. 129-148.

Freedman, Vicki A., and Linda G. Martin, "The Role of Education in Explaining and Forecasting Trends in Functional Limitations Among Older Americans," Demography, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000, pp. 461-473 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-887).

Freedman, Vicki A., and Linda G. Martin, Trends in Functional Limitations: Are Older Americans Living Longer and Better? RB-5021, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Freedman, Vicki A., and Linda G. Martin, "Understanding Trends in Functional Limitations Among Older Americans," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 88, No. 10, 1998, pp. 1437-1462 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-732).

Gertler, Paul J., "Medicaid and the Cost of Improving Access to Nursing Home Care," The Review of Economics and Statistics,Vol. 74, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 338-345.

Gertler, Paul J., and Donald M. Waldman, Government Policy and the Cost and Quality of Nursing Homes, RB-5012, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

Gertler, Paul J., and Donald M. Waldman, Why Are Not-for-Profit Nursing Homes More Costly? DRU-723, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994.

Gertler, Paul J., and Donald M. Waldman, "Quality Adjusted Cost Functions and Policy Evaluation in the Nursing Home Industry," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 6, 1992, pp. 1232-1256.

Gertler, Paul J., Roland Sturm, and Bruce Davidson, Information and the Demand for Supplemental Medicare Insurance, Working Paper No. 93-32 DRU-477, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993.

Haaga, John, Christine E. Peterson, Julie S. DaVanzo, and Sharon Mengchee Lee, Health Status and Family Support of Older Malaysians, DRU-378, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993.

Haider, Steven, and David Loughran, Elderly Labor Supply: Work or Play? DRU-2582, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001.

Haider, Steven, and Gary Solon, Nonrandom Selection in the HRS Social Security Earnings Sample, DRU-2254, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000.

Haider, Steven, Michael D. Hurd, Elaine Reardon, and Stephanie Williamson, Patterns of Dissaving in Retirement: A Report Prepared for the AARP Public Policy Institute, DRU-2212, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000.

Hurd, Michael D. Are Bequests Accidental or Desired, DRU-3010, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002 (available in PDF).

Hurd, Michael D., "Labor Market Transitions in the HRS: Effects of the Subjective Probability of Retirement and of Pension Eligibility," in J. P. Smith and R. Willis, eds., Wealth, Work and Health: Innovations in Measurement in the Social Science, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999, pp. 267-290.

Hurd, Michael D., Mortality Risk and Consumption by Couples, DRU-2061, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999.

Hurd, Michael D., "Adequacy and Equity Issues: Another View," in E. R. Kingson and J. H. Schulz, eds., Social Security in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 219-224.

Hurd, Michael D., "The Economics of Individual Aging," in M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, eds., The Handbook of Population and Family Economics, Amsterdam: North Holland Press, 1997, pp. 891-966.

Hurd, Michael D., "The Effect of Labor Market Rigidities on the Labor Force Behavior of Older Workers," in D. Wise, ed. Advances in the Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp. 11-58.

Hurd, Michael D., and Kathleen McGarry, "Medical Insurance and the Use of Health Care Services by the Elderly," Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 16, 1997, pp. 129-154.

Hurd, Michael D., Elaine Reardon, Real Wealth Changes from 1982 to 1991 Among the Newly Retired, DRU-3012, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003 (available in PDF).

Hurd, Michael D., and Susann Rohwedder, The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: Anticipated and Actual Declines in Spending at Retirement, WR-242, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2005 (available in PDF).

Hurd, Michael D. and Susann Rohwedder, Some Answers to The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle, WR-342.

Hurd, Michael D., and James P. Smith, Expected Bequests and Their Distribution, DRU-3007, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002 (available in PDF).

Hurd, Michael D., and James P. Smith, "Anticipated and Actual Bequests," in David A. Wise, ed., Themes in the Economics of Aging, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 357-391 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-994).

Hurd, Michael D., and James P. Smith, "Anticipated and Actual Bequests," in David A. Wise, ed., The Economics of Aging, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Hurd, Michael D., and David Wise, "Changing Social Security Survivorship Benefits and the Poverty of Widows," in Hurd and Yashiro, eds., The Economic Effects of Aging in the United States and Japan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 319-332.

Hurd, Michael D., and Naohiro Yashiro, eds., The Economic Effects of Aging in the United States and Japan, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Hurd, Michael D., Hilary Hoynes, and Harish Chand, "Household Wealth of the Elderly under Alternative Imputation Procedures," in D. Wise, ed. Inquiries in the Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 229-257.

Hurd, Michael D., Lee Lillard, and Constantijn W. A. Panis, An Analysis of the Choice to Cash Out Pension Rights at Job Change or Retirement, DRU-1979-DOL, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Hurd, Michael D., Daniel McFadden, and Li Gan, "Subjective Survival Curves and Life Cycle Behavior," in D. Wise, ed. Inquiries in the Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 259-305.

Hurd, Michael D., James P. Smith and Julie M. Zissimopoulos, The Effects of Subjective Survival on Retirements and Social Security Claiming, DRU-3008, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003 (available in PDF).

Hurd, Michael D., Beth Soldo, Willard Rodgers, and Robert Wallace, "Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest-Old: An Overview of the Survey," Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 52B, May 1997, pp. 1-20.

Hurd, Michael D., Dan McFadden, Harish Chand, Li Gan, Angela Merrill, and Michael Roberts, "Consumption and Saving Balances of the Elderly: Experimental Evidence on Survey Response Bias," in D. Wise, ed. Frontiers in the Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, pp. 353-387.

Johnson, Richard, "The Impact of Human Capital Investments on Pension Benefits," Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1996, pp. 520-524.

Johnson, Richard, The Impact of Worker Preferences on Pension Coverage in the HRS, DRU-636, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994.

Juster, F. Thomas, and James P. Smith, "Improving the Quality of Economic Data: Lessons from HRS and AHEAD," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 92, No. 440, December 1997, pp. 1268-1278.

Karoly, Lynn A., and Jeannette A. Rogowski, "Retiree Health Benefits and Retirement Behavior: Implications for Health Policy," Health Benefits and the Workforce, Vol. 2, Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Pension and Welfare Benefits Association, 1998, pp. 43-71 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-836).

Kapteyn, Arie, Pierre-Carl Michaud, James Smith, Arthur Van Soest,Effects of Attrition and Non-Response in the Health and Retirement Study, WR-407.

Karoly, Lynn A., and Jeannette A. Rogowski, "The Effect of Access to Post-Retirement Health Insurance on the Decision to Retire Early," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, 1994, pp. 103-123 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-360).

Karoly, Lynn A. and Julie Zissimopoulos, Self-Employment Trends and Patterns Among Older U.S. Workers, WR-136, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003 (available in PDF); also published in The Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 127, No. 7, 2004, pp. 24-47; available online at: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2004/07/art3abs.htm.

Kington, Raynard, Lee Lillard, and Jeannette Rogowski, "Reproductive History, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Reported Health Status of Women Aged 50 Years or Older," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 87, No. 1, 1996, pp. 33-37.

Kington, Raynard, Jeannette Rogowski, and Lee A. Lillard, "Dental Expenditures and Insurance Coverage Among Older Adults," The Gerontologist, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1995, pp. 436-443 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-475).

Kington, Raynard, Lee A. Lillard, Jeannette Rogowski, and Paul Lee, Three Aspects of Health, Well-Being, and the Effective Functioning of the Elderly, RB-5016, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Kington, Raynard, David Reuben, Jeannette Rogowski, and Lee A. Lillard, "Sociodemographic and Health Factors in Driving Patterns After Fifty Years of Age," American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 84, No. 8, 1994, pp. 1327-1329 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-340).

Kington, Raynard, David Reuben, Jeannette Rogowski, and Lee A. Lillard, Health Status and Driving After Age 50, DRU-318, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1993.

Kuhn, Randall, The Impact of Nuclear Family and Individual Migration on the Elderly in Rural Bangladesh: A Qualitative Analysis, DRU-2577, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001 (available in PDF).

Lakdawalla, Darius, and Tomas Philipson, "The Rise in Old-Age Longevity and the Market for Long-Term Care," The American Economic Review, Vol. 92, No. 1, 2002, pp. 295-306.

Lakdawalla, Darius, Jayanta Bhattacharya, Dana P. Goldman, Michael D. Hurd, Geoffrey Joyce, and Constantijn W. A. Panis, "Forecasting the Nursing Home Population," Medical Care, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2003, pp. 8-20.

Lee, Paul, James P. Smith, and Raynard S. Kington, "The Unique Relationships of Self-Rated Vision and Hearing to Functional Status and Well-Being Among Seniors 70 Years and Older," American Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 127, No. 4, 1999, pp. 447-452.

Lillard, Lee A., Research on Aging Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, DRU-939, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1995.

Lillard, Lee A., "Discussion: Wealth Depletion and Life Cycle Consumption by the Elderly, Comment on Michael D. Hurd," in D. Wise, ed. Economics of Aging, Vol. 2, 1994, pp. 160-162.

Lillard, Lee A., and Melissa M. Farmer, "Linking Medicare and National Survey Data," Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 127, No. 8, 1997, pp. 691-695.

Lillard, Lee A., and Constantijn W.A. Panis, Health, Marriage, and Longer Life for Men, RB-5018, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Lillard, Lee A., and Constantijn W. A. Panis, "Social Security Reform: Touching the Rail," RAND Research Review, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, Winter 1996.

Lillard, Lee A., and Jeannette Rogowski, Does Supplemental Private Insurance Increase Medicare Costs? DRU-1124, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1995.

Lillard, Lee A., and Linda J. Waite, Grow Old Along with Me": Reaping the Marriage Benefit, RB-5011, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

Lillard, Lee A., and Yoram Weiss, Balancing Act: How Retired Couples Allocate Resources in the Face of Illness and Death, RB-5019, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Lillard, Lee A., and Yoram Weiss, "Uncertain Health and Survival: Effects on End of Life Consumption," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 254-268, 1997.

Lillard, Lee A., and Robert J. Willis, Helping Out and Paying Back: How Families Support the Elderly, RB-5017, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Lillard, Lee A., Jeannette Rogowski, and Raynard Kington, Insurance Coverage for Prescription Drugs: Effects on Use and Expenditures in the Medicare Population, DRU-2073, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999.

Lillard, Lee A., Jeannette Rogowski, and Raynard Kington, "Long-Term Determinants of Supplemental Health Insurance Coverage in the Medicare Population," The Gerontologist, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1997, pp. 314-323 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-654).

Lundberg, Shelly, Richard Startz, and Steven Stillman, The Retirement-Consumption Puzzle: A Marital Bargaining Approach, DRU-2506-NICHD, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001 (available in PDF).

Maestas, Nicole, Back to Work: Expectations and Realizations of Work after Retirement, WR-196-1.

Martin, Linda G., and Kevin Kinsella, "Research on the Demography of Aging in Developing Countries," in L. G. Martin and S. H. Preston, eds., Demography of Aging, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994, pp. 356-403 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-330-1).

McGarry, Kathleen, and Robert F. Schoeni, "Social Security, Economic Growth, and the Rise in Independence of Elderly Widows in the 20th Century," Demography, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2000, pp. 221-236.

McGarry, Kathleen, and Robert F. Schoeni, "Transfer Behavior in the Health and Retirement Study: Measurement and the Redistribution of Resources within the Family," Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 30, No. Supplement, 1995, pp. S184-S226 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-529).

Michaud, Pierre-Carl and Arthur Van Soest, Health and Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Dynamic Panel Data Models, WR-191, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2004 (available in PDF).

Michaud, Pierre-Carl, Arthur van Soest, Tatiana Andreyeva, Cross-Country Variation in Obesity Patterns among Older Americans and Europeans, WR-495.

Morrison, Peter A. Is "Aging in Place" a Blueprint for the Future?, P-7794, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1992.

Panis, Constantijn W.A., Annuities and Retirement Satisfaction, DRU-3021, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003 (available in PDF).

Panis, Constantijn W.A., and Lee A. Lillard, Social Security: Equity, Adequacy, Reforms, DB-167-NIA, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

Panis, Constantijn W. A., and Lee A. Lillard, Socioeconomic Differentials in the Returns to Social Security, DRU-1327, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996.

Pebley, Anne R., and Laura L. Rudkin, Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren: What Do We Know? RB-5030, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000.

Pebley, Anne R., and Laura L. Rudkin, "Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren: What Do We Know?" Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1999, pp. 218-242.

Panel on a Research Agenda and New Data for an Aging World, Committee on Population, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council, Preparing for an Aging World, RB-5058, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001.

Rao, K.V., Robert F. Schoeni, and Elmer Spreitzer, "Tracing Intergenerational Relations Through Reports of Transfers of Time and Money: A Comparative Study of African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 16, No. 12, 1996.

Rogowski, Jeannette A., and Lynn A. Karoly, "Health Insurance and Retirement Behavior: Evidence from the Health and Retirement Survey," Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2000, pp. 529-539 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-940).

Rogowski, Jeannette A., and Lynn A. Karoly, "COBRA Continuation Coverage: Effect on the Health Insurance Status of Early Retirees," Health Benefits and the Workforce, Vol. 2, Washington, DC: US Department of Labor, Pension and Welfare Benefits Association, 1998, pp. 73-93.

Rogowski, Jeannette A., and Lynn A. Karoly, "Retirement and Health Insurance Coverage," Health Benefits and the Workplace, Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992, pp. 117-138.

Rogowski, Jeannette, Lee A. Lillard, and Raynard Kington, Prescription Drugs and the Elderly: Policy Implications of Medicare Coverage, RB-5028, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1999.

Rogowski, Jeannette, Lee A. Lillard, and Raynard Kington, "The Financial Burden of Prescription Drug Use Among the Elderly," The Gerontologist, Vol. 37, No. 4, 1997, pp. 475-482.

Schoeni, Robert F., "Reassessing the Decline in Parent-Child Old-Age Coresidence During the Twentieth Century," Demography, Vol. 35, No. 3, August 1998, pp. 307-313.

Schoeni, Robert F., Vicki A. Freedman, and Robert B. Wallace, Persistent, Consistent, and Widespread?: Another Look at Recent Trends in Old-Age Disability, DRU-2352, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2000.

Silverstein, Merril, and Linda J. Waite, "Are Blacks More Likely than Whites to Receive and Provide Social Support in Middle and Old Age? Yes, No, and Maybe So," Journal of Gerontology: Social Science, Vol. 48, No. 4, 1993, pp. S212-S222.

Smith, James P., "Inheritances and Bequests," in J. P. Smith and R. Willis, eds., Measurement and Wealth: Essays in Honor of F. Thomas Juster, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999.

Smith, James P., "Comments on 'Consumption and Savings Balances of the Elderly: Experimental Evidence on Survey Response Bias' by Hurd, et al.," in D. Wise, ed. The Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Smith, James P., "The Changing Economic Circumstances of the Elderly: Income, Wealth, and Social Security," Policy Brief No. 8/1997, Syracuse: Syracuse University Center for Policy Research, 1997.

Smith, James P., "Wealth Inequality Among Older Americans," Journal of Gerontology, Vol. 52B, May 1997, pp. 74-81.

Smith, James P., "Comments on 'Caring for the Elderly: Findings from the Asset and Health Dynamics Survey by Kathleen McGarry'," in D. Wise, ed. The Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Smith, James P., "Comments on 'Imputed Wealth, Subjective Survival Probabilities and Social Security Wealth by Hoynes, Hurd, and Chand'," in D. Wise, ed. The Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

Smith, James P., "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Wealth in the Health and Retirement Study," Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 30, No. Supplement, 1995, pp. S158-S183 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-530).

Smith, James P., "Comments on 'Pension Plan Provisions and Retirement: Men and Women, Medicare, and Models'," in D. A. Wise, ed. The Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Smith, James P., "Comments on 'Retirement Modeled Jointly with Saving: The Experience in a Large U.S. Corporation'," in D. A. Wise, ed. The Economics of Aging, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Smith, James P., "Measuring Health and Economic Status of Older Adults in Developing Countries," The Gerontologist, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1994, pp. 491-496 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-342).

Smith, James P., "New Directions in Socioeconomic Research on Aging," in R. P. Abeles, H. Gift and M. Ory, eds., Aging and the Quality of Life, New York: Springer, 1994.

Smith, James P., and Raynard S. Kington, The Relationship Between the Socioeconomic Status and Health of the Elderly, RB-5020, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1998.

Smith, James P., and Raynard S. Kington, "Demographic and Economic Correlates of Health in Old Age," Demography, Vol. 34, No. 1, 1997, pp. 159-170 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-634).

Smith, James P., and Raynard S. Kington, "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health in Late Life," in L. G. Martin and B. J. Soldo, eds., Racial and Ethnic Differences in the Health of Older Americans, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997, pp. 106-162 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-681).

van Soest, Arthur, Arie Kapteyn, Tatiana Andreyeva, James P. Smith, Self Reported Disability and Reference Groups, WR-409-1.

Wolf, Douglas A., Vicki Freedman, and Beth J. Soldo, "The Division of Family Labor: Care for Elderly Parents," The Journals of Gerontology, Vol. 52B, No. Series B, 1997, pp. 102-109 (also available as RAND Reprint RP-676).

Wolf, Douglas A., Beth J. Soldo, and Vicki A. Freedman, "The Demography of Family Care," in T. Hareven, ed. Aging, Generational Relations and the Life Course: A Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, New York: Walter de Gruyter and Co., 1996.

Zissimopoulos, Julie, Resource Transfers to the Elderly: Do Adult Children Substitute Financial Transfers for Time Transfers? DRU-2542, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2001.

Zissimopoulos, Julie, and Lynn A. Karoly, Transitions to Self-Employment at Older Ages: The Role of Wealth, Health, Health Insurance, and Other Factors, WR-135, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003 (available in PDF).