Mathematical Proficiency for All Students: Toward a Strategic Research and Development Program in Mathematics Education is the product of a dynamic, iterative process that reflects the inputs of numerous researchers, practitioners, mathematicians, and other members of the mathematics education community. The RAND Mathematics Study Panel's report proposes a long-term, strategic program of research and development in mathematics education that would address the achievement gap while raising the level of mathematical proficiency for all students. To that end, they began by drafting a preliminary paper, which was made available on this website and reviewed by eleven experts in the field. The study panel reconvened to discuss and incorporate the feedback they received as a result of numerous reviews and comments. Their decisions are described in the Response to Reviewers below. It is our hope that this document will be an accurate reflection of consensus in the field, and will be useful in guiding the formulation of future research agendas.