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     <title>RAND Research Topic: Biology and Life Sciences</title>
     <link rel="self" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/biology-and-life-sciences.xml"/>
     <updated>2012-05-24T14:34:43Z</updated>
     <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/biology-and-life-sciences.html" />
     <rights>Copyright (c) 2012, The RAND Corporation</rights>
     <author>
       <name>RAND Corporation</name>
     </author>
     <id>http://www.rand.org/topics/biology-and-life-sciences.html</id>
	 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Funding and performance on clinical guidelines: The cases of dementia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB597.html</id>
   <published>Mar 22, 2012</published>
   <updated>Mar 22, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">This exploratory study investigates the characteristics of publications cited on clinical guidelines, and the funding sources they acknowledge, in order to better understand how research is translated into changes in policy and practice.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB597.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Proposed Directions of Change to the Common Rule for Protecting Human Research Participants: RAND Responses</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP659.html</id>
   <published>Dec 2, 2011</published>
   <updated>Dec 2, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Documents RAND&apos;s responses to proposed changes in the Common Rule, which regulates Institutional Review Board protection of human research participants.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP659.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">New Report Helps Inform Decisions about How Science Should Be Funded</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/03/07.html</id>
   <published>Mar 7, 2011</published>
   <updated>Mar 7, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Project Retrosight analysed 29 case studies of cardiovascular and stroke research in Australia, Canada, and the UK, and found that clinical research has greater societal impact over a 15-20 year timescale, while basic research has greater academic impact.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/03/07.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Understanding the Returns from Cardiovascular and Stroke Research</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1079.html</id>
   <published>Mar 7, 2011</published>
   <updated>Mar 7, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Project Retrosight analyzed 29 case studies of cardiovascular and stroke research in Australia, Canada, and the UK, and found that clinical research has greater societal impact over a 15&amp;ndash;20 year timescale, while basic research has greater academic impact.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1079.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Project Retrosight: Understanding the returns from cardiovascular and stroke research: Methodology Report</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR925.html</id>
   <published>Mar 6, 2011</published>
   <updated>Mar 6, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">This work explores impacts of cardiovascular and stroke research funded 15&#8211;20 years ago and draws out aspects associated with high or low impact. It describes 29 case studies of grants from Australia, Canada and UK. Methodology volume.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR925.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Project Retrosight: Understanding the returns from cardiovascular and stroke research</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9573.html</id>
   <published>Mar 6, 2011</published>
   <updated>Mar 6, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Project Retrosight analysed 29 case studies of cardiovascular and stroke research in Australia, Canada and the UK, examining the diversity of impact produced by this kind of research and identifying factors associated with various levels of payback.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9573.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Comparing Forensic DNA Evidence Systems in the United States and England</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR918.html</id>
   <published>Dec 23, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 23, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">This comparative analysis of English and U.S. forensic DNA databases and profiling attempted to confirm what many senior U.S. law enforcement officials believe: that the English criminal justice system has capitalized more fully on the crime-fighting potential of DNA evidence. </summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR918.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Enhancing the benefits from biomedical and health research spillovers between public, private and charitable sectors in the UK</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP319.html</id>
   <published>Oct 1, 2010</published>
   <updated>Oct 1, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">This paper highlights key points from a high-level Forum organised and facilitated by the Office of Health Economics and RAND Europe that discussed spillover effects from biomedical and health research, and strategies to realise their benefits.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP319.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in Singapore: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB591.html</id>
   <published>Jan 12, 2010</published>
   <updated>Jan 12, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;This documented briefing provides an overview of biomedical and health research in Singapore.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB591.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in France: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB590.html</id>
   <published>Dec 23, 2009</published>
   <updated>Dec 23, 2009</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;This documented briefing provides an overview of the health and medical research system in France. The report is supported by the Department of Health (England).&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB590.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Is there a European Medical Research Area? Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB588.html</id>
   <published>Dec 23, 2009</published>
   <updated>Dec 23, 2009</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;This documented briefing provides an overview of the European Research Area and explores whether such an integrated research area exists in health and biomedical research. The report is supported by the Department of Health (England). &lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB588.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Using Bibliometrics to Support the Procurement of NIHR Biomedical Research Centres in England</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20090323.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2008</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;The bespoke process to procure the biomedical research centres resulted in relatively low transaction costs, compared to more traditional routes into funding research centres.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20090323.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in Japan: Health Research Observatory</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB571.html</id>
   <published>Nov 17, 2008</published>
   <updated>Nov 17, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in Japan, describing the sectors that performs such research, how it is funded, how health research priorities are set, and current and emerging health research issues in Japan.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB571.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in New Zealand: Health Research Observatory</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB564.html</id>
   <published>Oct 17, 2008</published>
   <updated>Oct 17, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presents an overview of health and medical research in New Zealand.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB564.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in Australia: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB531.html</id>
   <published>Jan 28, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 28, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in Australia. The report is part of a series of country-specific reports available from RAND Europe&amp;rsquo;s Observatory on Health Research Systems. The report describes the structure of Australia&amp;rsquo;s health research system, the processes and performance of the Australian health research system, and an outlook which considers current and emerging health research issues in Australia.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB531.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Guiding Good Research: Biomedical Research Ethics and Ethics Review: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB536.html</id>
   <published>Jan 28, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 28, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of ethics and ethical reviews in biomedical research. The purpose of the document is to brief non-specialists on the key aspects of the evolution and current debate of biomedical research ethics and assessment of proposed research by ethics committees or review boards. The briefing highlights principle areas of consensus and tension, and outlines different approaches to the formal ethical scrutiny of proposed research.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB536.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in the United Kingdom: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB535.html</id>
   <published>Jan 28, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 28, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in the UK. The report is part of a series of country-specific reports available from RAND Europe&amp;rsquo;s Observatory on Health Research Systems. The report describes the structure of UK&amp;rsquo;s health research system, the processes and performance of the UK health research system, and an outlook which considers current and emerging health research issues in the UK.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB535.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in Canada: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB532.html</id>
   <published>Jan 28, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 28, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in Canada. The report is part of a series of country-specific reports available from RAND Europe&amp;rsquo;s Observatory on Health Research Systems. The report describes the structure of Canada&amp;rsquo;s health research system, the processes and performance of the Canadian health research system, and an outlook which considers current and emerging health research issues in Canada.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB532.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in the United States: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB534.html</id>
   <published>Jan 28, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 28, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in the U.S. The report is part of a series of country-specific reports available from RAND Europe&amp;rsquo;s Observatory on Health Research Systems. The report describes the structure of the U.S. health research system, the processes and performance of the U.S. health research system, and an outlook which considers current and emerging health research issues in the U.S.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB534.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Health and Medical Research in Sweden: Observatory on Health Research Systems</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB533.html</id>
   <published>Jan 27, 2008</published>
   <updated>Jan 27, 2008</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Provides an overview of health and medical research in Sweden. The report is part of a series of country-specific reports available from RAND Europe&amp;rsquo;s Observatory on Health Research Systems. The report describes the structure of Sweden&amp;rsquo;s health research system, the processes and performance of the Swedish health research system, and an outlook which considers current and emerging health research issues in Sweden.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB533.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
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