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     <title>RAND Research Topic: Female Populations</title>
     <link rel="self" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/female-populations.xml"/>
     <updated>2012-05-24T14:56:34Z</updated>
     <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/female-populations.html" />
     <rights>Copyright (c) 2012, The RAND Corporation</rights>
     <author>
       <name>RAND Corporation</name>
     </author>
     <id>http://www.rand.org/topics/female-populations.html</id>
	 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Celebrating Birth Control on Mother&apos;s Day? Not as Counterintuitive as It Sounds</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/commentary/2012/05/11/MS.html</id>
   <published>May 11, 2012</published>
   <updated>May 11, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Reliable birth control contributed to economic development by reducing women&apos;s risk of dropping out of school associated with early childbearing and high fertility rates, contributing in turn to increases in women&apos;s labor force participation, the continuity of their careers, and the standard of living of women, children and families, writes Chloe Bird.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/commentary/2012/05/11/MS.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Terror&apos;s &apos;Invisible Women&apos;</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/commentary/2012/04/04/LAT.html</id>
   <published>Apr 4, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 4, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">For their part, a younger generation of female jihadists has come to believe that acts of violence can be just as liberating politically and spiritually for women as for men, writes Karla Cunningham.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/commentary/2012/04/04/LAT.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Refining and Evaluating a Financial &quot;Bootcamp&quot; for Women</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/labor/centers/financial-literacy/projects/financial-bootcamp.html</id>
   <published>Jan 6, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 6, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Women continue to lag behind men, not only in income, but in overall financial capability and retirement preparedness. A financial &quot;bootcamp&quot; may hold promise as a financial education program for early to mid-career women.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/labor/centers/financial-literacy/projects/financial-bootcamp.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Older Women More Likely to Have Lower Cognitive Function if They Live in Low-Income Neighborhoods</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/08/02.html</id>
   <published>Aug 2, 2011</published>
   <updated>Aug 2, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Older women who live in a lower socioeconomic status neighborhood are more likely to exhibit lower cognitive functioning than women who live in more affluent neighborhoods.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/08/02.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Older Women More Likely to Have Lower Cognitive Function if They Live in Low-Income Neighborhoods</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100151.html</id>
   <published>Aug 2, 2011</published>
   <updated>Aug 2, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Older women who live in a lower socioeconomic status neighborhood are more likely to exhibit lower cognitive functioning than women who live in more affluent neighborhoods&amp;mdash;regardless of their own education level or income.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100151.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Social Networks of Homeless Youth in Emerging Adulthood</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100194.html</id>
   <published>Jul 31, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jul 31, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Interventions need to recognize the importance of social networks of homeless youth in emerging adulthood by enhancing supportive bonds and reducing substance use and risky sex.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100194.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Prevalence of Symptoms of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis Among Adult Females in the United States</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100134.html</id>
   <published>Jul 31, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jul 31, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis symptoms are widespread among United States women and associated with considerable disability. Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis may be underdiagnosed.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100134.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Are Breast Implants Linked to a Rare Form of Lymphoma?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9584.html</id>
   <published>Apr 20, 2011</published>
   <updated>Apr 20, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">A review of the scientific literature suggests that breast implants are associated with a rare form of lymphoma, but an expert panel believes that the disease can be managed by surgical removal of the implant.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9584.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Link Between Breast Implants and Rare Lymphoma Confirmed, Reassurance on Prognosis Offered</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100140.html</id>
   <published>Apr 19, 2011</published>
   <updated>Apr 19, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Breast implants appear to be associated with a rare form of lymphoma, but there is not yet evidence to show that the cancer is caused by implants or to suggest an underlying mechanism for how the disease might develop.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100140.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Link Between Breast Implants and Rare Lymphoma Confirmed, Reassurance on Prognosis Offered</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/04/19/index1.html</id>
   <published>Apr 19, 2011</published>
   <updated>Apr 19, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Breast implants appear to be associated with a rare form of lymphoma, but there is not yet evidence to show that the cancer is caused by implants or to suggest an underlying mechanism for how the disease might develop.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/04/19/index1.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The Impact of Menopause on Health-Related Quality of Life: Results from the STRIDE Longitudinal Study</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100149.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">Menopause has a negative impact on some domains of health related quality of life (HRQoL), regardless of menopausal symptoms. Clinicians should work to improve HRQoL, rather than expect it to improve spontaneously when menopausal symptoms resolve.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100149.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Aftershocks: The Impact of Clinic Violence on Abortion Services</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110008.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">Clinic violence reduces abortion services in targeted areas; however, once travel is taken into account, the overall effect of the violence is much smaller.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110008.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Use of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines Among Young Adult Women in the United States: An Analysis of the 2008 National Health Interview Survey</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100153.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">The study found that HPV vaccine coverage among young adult women was low overall, and lower among the uninsured. Public financing and care provision programs are needed to expand vaccine coverage among uninsured women.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100153.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Low-Fat Diet in the Prevention of Breast and Ovarian Cancer</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110063.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">A low fat diet may be a cost-effective strategy for preventing breast and ovarian cancers.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110063.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Knowledge and Intention to Participate in Cervical Cancer Screening After the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110084.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">Assesses women&apos;s knowledge of the need for cervical cancer screening after HPV vaccination, describes Pap test intentions of vaccinated women, and evaluates whether knowledge and intentions differ across groups at greatest risk for cervical cancer.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20110084.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 in Women: A MACS Approach to Testing for Invariance Across Racial/Ethnic Groups</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201000185.html</id>
   <published>Nov 30, 2010</published>
   <updated>Nov 30, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">This study used data from 3 sites to examine the invariance and psychometric characteristics of the Brief Symptom Inventory &amp;ndash;18 across Black, Hispanic, and White mothers of 5th graders.  Results showed that the instrument may be used for mean comparisons between Black and White women.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201000185.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Does Transferring Cash to Women Improve Household Well-Being?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/cash-transfers.html</id>
   <published>Aug 27, 2010</published>
   <updated>Aug 27, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">Many cash transfer programmes designate women and mothers as transfer recipients, on the assumption that doing so will lead to better outcomes. RAND Europe is undertaking a systematic review for the UK Department for International Development to assess whether transferring cash to women rather than men in low- and middle-income countries has a greater impact on household well-being. </summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/cash-transfers.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Quality of Care for Breast Cancer for Uninsured Women in California Under the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention Treatment Act</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201000107.html</id>
   <published>Jul 19, 2010</published>
   <updated>Jul 19, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">This evaluation study found that the Breast and Cervical Cancer Prevention Treatment Program provides access to high-quality care for insured women with breast cancer; however, many are treated at an advanced stage, which is associated with worse outcomes.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201000107.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Unprotected Sex of Homeless Women Living in Los Angeles County: An Investigation of the Multiple Levels of Risk</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20100086.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2009</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2009</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Homeless women who have a high commitment to their partner and experience physical violence are more likely to have unprotected sex. Trust in condom efficacy and perceived low susceptibility to HIV make women less likely to engage in risky sex.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20100086.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Is Substance Use a Barrier to Protected Sex Among Homeless Women? results from between- and within-subjects event analyses</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20101306.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 2009</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 2009</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;This study used event-based analyses to examine how alcohol and drug use are associated with protected sex among women residing in temporary shelters in Los Angeles County.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20101306.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
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