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     <title>RAND Research Topic: Fossil Fuels</title>
     <link rel="self" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/fossil-fuels.xml"/>
     <updated>2012-05-24T14:56:35Z</updated>
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     <rights>Copyright (c) 2012, The RAND Corporation</rights>
     <author>
       <name>RAND Corporation</name>
     </author>
     <id>http://www.rand.org/topics/fossil-fuels.html</id>
	 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Mileage-Based User Fee Winners and Losers: An Analysis of the Distributional Implications of Taxing Vehicle Miles Traveled, with Projections, 2010-2030</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD295.html</id>
   <published>Apr 26, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 26, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Estimates changes in annual vehicle miles traveled in response to changes in the cost of driving that would result from adopting a mileage-based user fee.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD295.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Could Coal Mine Drainage Be Used for Marcellus Shale Natural Gas Extraction?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF300.html</id>
   <published>Apr 16, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 16, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">There are large quantities of coal mine water in Pennsylvania&amp;mdash;much more than could be used in the coming decade for hydraulic fracturing. Researchers and operators will need to further explore quantity and quality needs to confirm whether coal mine drainage sources represent a viable, large-scale alternative to fresh water.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF300.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Exploring the Nexus of Energy Sources, Technology, and Policy</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/ise/environ/areas/energy.html</id>
   <published>Feb 27, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 27, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Energy plays a vital role in the success of the global economy, but obtaining and using energy can also impact the environment. RAND researchers in the Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program help policymakers worldwide make informed decisions on meeting their nations&apos; energy needs while mitigating long-term life cycle environmental risks.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/ise/environ/areas/energy.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Calculating Uncertainty in Biomass Emissions (CUBE) Model</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/ise/projects/bioemissions.html</id>
   <published>Dec 15, 2011</published>
   <updated>Dec 15, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">CUBE 2.0, an update of the 2010 release of the 1.0 version, allows users to estimate the &quot;farm-to-gate&quot; greenhouse gas emissions of biomass feedstocks for energy production, as well as the uncertainty in these emissions.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/ise/projects/bioemissions.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Characterizing the U.S. Industrial Base for Coal-Powered Electricity</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1147.html</id>
   <published>Oct 27, 2011</published>
   <updated>Oct 27, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Coal-fired electricity generating units (EGUs) provide about 46 percent of the electricity generated in the U.S., yet most of the existing coal-fired electricity fleet is 25&amp;ndash;45 years old. Can the industry maintain the capability to design, construct, and operate coal-fired EGUs within reasonable cost, schedule, performance, environmental, and quality expectations?</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1147.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Near-Term Opportunities for Integrating Biomass into the U.S. Electricity Supply</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR984.html</id>
   <published>Aug 2, 2011</published>
   <updated>Aug 2, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Biomass is an increasingly important source of electricity, heat, and liquid fuel. One near-term option for using it to generate electricity is to cofire biomass in coal-fired electricity plants. Factors to consider are plant-site modifications, changes in operations, costs, and logistical issues with delivering biomass to the plant.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR984.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Testimony on S. 937 The American Alternative Fuels Act of 2011: Addendum</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT364z1.html</id>
   <published>Jun 30, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jun 30, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Document submitted on June 29, 2011 as an addendum to testimony presented before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee on June 7, 2011.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT364z1.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Testimony on S. 937 The American Alternative Fuels Act of 2011</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT364.html</id>
   <published>Jun 7, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jun 7, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Testimony presented before the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee on June 7, 2011.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT364.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Opportunities for Alternative Fuels: The Roadmap for America&apos;s Energy Future</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT363.html</id>
   <published>Jun 3, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jun 3, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Achieving the potential economic and national security benefits offered by alternative fuels requires that their domestic production must be an appreciable fraction of domestic demand for liquid fuels. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal have the potential to meet that important criterion.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT363.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Gays in the Military: Eventually, New Facts Conquer Old Taboos</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP22-2011-04.html</id>
   <published>Apr 29, 2011</published>
   <updated>Apr 29, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">This &lt;em&gt;RAND Review&lt;/em&gt; cover story describes RAND&apos;s research and analysis of sexual orientation and U.S. military personnel policy relating to the likely repeal of &apos;Don&apos;t Ask, Don&apos;t Tell.&apos;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP22-2011-04.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Replacing Gas Tax with Crude Oil Tax Could Fund Nation&apos;s Transportation Needs</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP320.html</id>
   <published>Feb 23, 2011</published>
   <updated>Feb 23, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">The federal government could fully fund its surface transportation infrastructure needs by levying a percentage tax on crude oil and imported refined petroleum products.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP320.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Replacing Gas Tax with Crude Oil Tax Could Fund Nation&apos;s Transportation Needs</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/02/23.html</id>
   <published>Feb 23, 2011</published>
   <updated>Feb 23, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">The federal government could fully fund its surface transportation infrastructure needs by levying a percentage tax on crude oil and imported refined petroleum products.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/02/23.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Paying for carbon emissions reduction</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP312.html</id>
   <published>Feb 23, 2011</published>
   <updated>Feb 23, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">This paper explores how much British citizens might be willing to pay for carbon emissions reduction, and the implication of this for climate change policies.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP312.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">System Trials to Demonstrate Mileage-Based Road Use Charges</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1423.html</id>
   <published>Feb 11, 2011</published>
   <updated>Feb 11, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Explore options for conducting a set of trials to test the feasibility of transitioning from fuel excise taxes to a system of road use charges based on vehicle miles of travel.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1423.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">No Direct Military Benefit from Use of Alternative Fuels by Armed Forces</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG969.html</id>
   <published>Jan 24, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jan 24, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">If the U.S. military increases its use of alternative fuels, there will be no direct benefit to the nation&apos;s armed forces. It makes more sense for the military to direct its efforts toward using energy more efficiently.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG969.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">No Direct Military Benefit from Use of Alternative Fuels by Armed Forces</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/01/25.html</id>
   <published>Jan 24, 2011</published>
   <updated>Jan 24, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">If the U.S. military increases its use of alternative fuels, there will be no direct benefit to the nation&apos;s armed forces.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2011/01/25.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Among Potential Deficit Remedies, Don&apos;t Rule Out Raising Gas Tax</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/commentary/2010/12/25/DFP.html</id>
   <published>Dec 25, 2010</published>
   <updated>Dec 25, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">A proposed 15-cents-a-gallon gas tax is worth a second look. Among various painful options put forward in the Deficit Reduction Commission&apos;s draft report, this tax hike may be well justified, writes Martin Wachs.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/commentary/2010/12/25/DFP.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Natural Resources and Their Impact on Economic Development </title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/ise/environ.html</id>
   <published>Apr 21, 2010</published>
   <updated>Apr 21, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">Research conducted within RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development focuses on environmental quality and regulation, energy resources and systems, water resources and systems, climate, agriculture, oceans, natural hazards and disasters, and economic development.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/ise/environ.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">RAND Review: Vol. 34, No. 1, Spring 2010</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP22-2010-04.html</id>
   <published>Apr 9, 2010</published>
   <updated>Apr 9, 2010</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Features discuss energy strategies for Israel, the economic recession, and Iran&apos;s leadership; other items discuss the KC-10 fleet, air pollution and hospital costs, no-fault insurance, silica litigation, poverty reduction, and political polarization.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/corporate_pubs/CP22-2010-04.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Natural Gas and Israel&apos;s Energy Future: Planning Amid Deep Uncertainty</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9476-1.html</id>
   <published>Dec 22, 2009</published>
   <updated>Dec 22, 2009</updated>
   <summary type="html">Israel must control future electricity demand. It can build a secure energy infrastructure in which natural gas provides up to 40 percent of electric power generation but only by taking measures to limit supply disruptions.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9476-1.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
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