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     <title>RAND Research Topic: Physics</title>
     <link rel="self" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/physics.xml"/>
     <updated>2012-05-24T14:35:45Z</updated>
     <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/physics.html" />
     <rights>Copyright (c) 2012, The RAND Corporation</rights>
     <author>
       <name>RAND Corporation</name>
     </author>
     <id>http://www.rand.org/topics/physics.html</id>
	 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The Cosmos on a Shoestring: Small Spacecraft for Space and Earth Science</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR864.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 1998</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 1998</updated>
   <summary type="html">Small spacecraft have become popular for a number of reasons, most prominently the needs to reduce overall cost, be built more quickly, and spread mission risks. Despite the risks, however, small spacecraft fulfill important roles in earth science, astrophysics, space physics, and planetary science. NASA&apos;s current generation of small spacecraft is capable of impressive levels of performance.</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">RAND data base of Soviet high-current particle-beam R&amp;amp;D</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/notes/N1949.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1981</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1981</updated>
   <summary type="html">Describes an automated database that was established under the RAND Project &quot;Analysis and Comparison of U.S./USSR Technology.&quot;  The database includes information extracted from some 90 Soviet technical journals specializing in physics, engineering, a...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The polity of discussion: Bagehot&apos;s Physics and Politics revisited in the nuclear age</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6544.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1979</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1979</updated>
   <summary type="html">Applies to our own age Walter Bagehot&apos;s mid-Victorian views on the quality of &quot;animated moderation&quot; and the concept he defined as &quot;a polity of discussion.&quot; Bagehot&apos;s general theme is familiar:  free and open discussion is good; secret action by uncha...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Physics and slavery: the relative cost of calories for slave infants and their mothers</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P6415.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1978</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1978</updated>
   <summary type="html">Uses physics to analyze breast-feeding as part of an energy transfer process to demonstrate that the cost per calorie of suckling infants is greater than that of feeding adults. Takes exception to David&apos;s and Temin&apos;s criticism of [Time on the Cross] ...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Emission Rates in Thermionic Diodes.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM5810.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1968</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1968</updated>
   <summary type="html">The derivation of a new expression for the free area function for translation of absorbed particles in the study of the surface physics of thermionic diode electrodes.  A relatively new theory involves direct energy conversion through utilization of ...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Reflections on the Concept of Life.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P4127.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1968</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1968</updated>
   <summary type="html">A discussion of the mental aspects of life as they relate to biological phenomena and the laws of physics.  The concepts introduced here arise from the theory that mental phenomena are essential in human life, that all aspects of them penetrate all f...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Stochastic Representation of Nearly-Gaussian, Nonlinear Processes.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P4082.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1968</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1968</updated>
   <summary type="html">A detailed discussion illustrating the potential of the stochastic representation in statistical physics problems.  The use of polynomial functionals of the white noise process is shown for the treatment of certain nonlinear random processes.  It is ...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Energy transfer in particle-surface interactions in hypervelocity flight: commentary and bibliography.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4885.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1966</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1966</updated>
   <summary type="html">One deterrent to further development in the field of particle-surface interactions has been the wide distribution of literature on the subject in publications of such diverse fields as surface chemistry, solid-state physics, gaseous electronics, and ...</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The thermodynamics of the zirconia/zirconium-oxygen vapor system</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4907.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1965</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1965</updated>
   <summary type="html">Part of a continuing study of the complex problems found in the physics of reentry bodies. Zirconia is the eighth of a series of ablative materials investigated by mathematical techniques. This study reports the thermodynamic investigation of zirconi...</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4907.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Reply By Authors to R. W. Porter and A. B. Cambel</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19660501.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1965</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1965</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;The authors respond to three comments made in this article: Porter, R. W. and Cambel, A. B., Comment on &apos;Magnetohydrodynamic-hypersonic viscous and inviscid flow near the stagnation point of a blunt body,&apos;  AIAA J. 4, 952-953.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19660501.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Elaboration of Hocking&apos;s hydrodynamic theory</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4715.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1964</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1964</updated>
   <summary type="html">Part of a study of the physics of cloud particle collisions, this Memorandum is a verification and improvement of L. M. Hocking&apos;s hydrodynamic theory of collection efficiency. The resulting infinite sets of equations that must be solved for the force...</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4715.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Computational Solution of Radiative Transfer Problems in Cloud Physics</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3125.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1964</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1964</updated>
   <summary type="html">For the sake of simplicity, this paper views the radiative transfer problem in clouds as that of multiple scattering with an anisotropic phase function, leaving out heat transfer and other effects.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P3125.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Bands of D2 and T2 originating from the lowest excited 1Sigma g states (1s sigma)(2s sigma)1Sigma g and (2p sigma) squared 1Sigma g</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19651101.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1964</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1964</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Bands of the two extensive band systems (1Sigma g) (2s sigma)1Sigma g to (1Sigma g) (2p sigma)1Sigma g and (2p sigma) squared 1Sigma g to (1Sigma g) (2p sigma)1Sigma u of D2 and T2 are presented.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
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 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Air Radiation from Nonequilibrium Wakes of Blunt Hypersonic Reentry Vehicles</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4071.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">Part of a continuing theoretical study of reentry physics. </summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4071.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Relative Invariants and Closure.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4209.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">A basic problem of mathematical physics is replacing a nonlinear functional equation by a more tractable (analytically and computationally) linear equation.  More generally, the problem is to replace a system of non-linear equations, often derived fr...</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM4209.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Invariant Imbedding, Particle Interaction and Conservation Relations.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3816.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">One of a series of studies applying invariant imbedding to new analytic and computational approaches to mathematical physics.  This Memorandum shows that for a quite general class of transport processes involving particle-particle interaction, differ...</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3816.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The Physics of Meteor Entry</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2902.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">A survey of recent publications on the physics of meteor entry. The various regimes of luminous flight are defined, and present techniques for obtaining the mass and density of meteoroids are critically discussed.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2902.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Scattering of Light By Light in Plasmas</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19640801.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;A quantum-mechanical calculation of the scattering rate of light by light in the polarizable medium of a plasma is carried out.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19640801.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Green&apos;s Functions for One-Velocity Neutron Transport in a One-Dimensional Slab and Sphere</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19640902.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1963</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1963</updated>
   <summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;The memorandum presents an exact and efficient method of computing a well-defined resolvent, or Green&apos;s function, for one-velocity neutron transport or radiative transfer in a one-dimensional slab or sphere with isotropic scattering.&lt;/p&gt;</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19640902.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Three Papers on Radiative Transfer from Investigations of the Physics of the Atmosphere, No. 3, Academy of Sciences, Estonian S.S.R., 1962.</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3869.html</id>
   <published>Dec 31, 1962</published>
   <updated>Dec 31, 1962</updated>
   <summary type="html">Translations of three Soviet papers written by Y. Malamaa, O. Avaste, H. Moldau, K. S. Schifrin. They include the formulation of equations for calculating the intensity of diffusely reflected and transmitted light; results of calculations of the spec...</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3869.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
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