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     <title>RAND Research Topic: Substance Use</title>
     <link rel="self" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/substance-use.xml"/>
     <updated>2012-05-24T14:19:08Z</updated>
     <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="http://www.rand.org/topics/substance-use.html" />
     <rights>Copyright (c) 2012, The RAND Corporation</rights>
     <author>
       <name>RAND Corporation</name>
     </author>
     <id>http://www.rand.org/topics/substance-use.html</id>
	 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Webcast: Getting to Outcomes in Underage Drinking Prevention</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/05/webcast-getting-to-outcomes-in-underage-drinking-prevention.html</id>
   <published>May 21, 2012</published>
   <updated>May 21, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">In honor of National Underage Drinking Prevention Day, there will be a live, interactive webcast today (May 21) about successful approaches and resources to prevent underage drinking. The issue of underage drinking may sometimes be overshadowed by other forms of substance use, but it remains a steady and significant problem in the United States.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/blog/2012/05/webcast-getting-to-outcomes-in-underage-drinking-prevention.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Scheduling of Newly Emerging Drugs: A Critical Review of Decisions Over 40 Years</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120050.html</id>
   <published>Apr 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">This study seeks to assess more comprehensively the results of decisions on whether and how to &apos;schedule&apos; (i.e. to determine their legal status and penalties to be applied for sale or possession) newly emerging drugs.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120050.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Intergenerational Relationships Between the Smoking Patterns of a Population-Representative Sample of US Mothers and the Smoking Trajectories of Their Children</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100285.html</id>
   <published>Apr 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">The authors assessed intergenerational transmission of smoking in mother-child dyads.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100285.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Multicultural Web-Based Motivational Interviewing for Clients with a First-Time DUI Offense</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120094.html</id>
   <published>Apr 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Apr 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">A culturally relevant web-based Motivational Interviewing in English and Spanish was developed to serve as a standalone or adjunctive program in DUI educational settings.  This study evaluated its feasibility and acceptability among clients.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120094.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Resisting Smoking When a Best Friend Smokes: Do Intrapersonal and Contextual Factors Matter?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100222.html</id>
   <published>Feb 29, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 29, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">The strong link between having a best friend who smoked and increased adolescent smoking isn&apos;t affected by individual factors such as self-esteem, depressing and access to cigarettes.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100222.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Evaluation of Drug and Alcohol &quot;Payment by Results&quot; Pilots</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/drug-alcohol-recovery-programme-evaluation.html</id>
   <published>Feb 13, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 13, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">RAND Europe is conducting an independent evaluation of the Department of Health&apos;s drug and alcohol recovery payment-by-results pilots to determine whether market forces can encourage the development of better recovery programmes.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/drug-alcohol-recovery-programme-evaluation.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Voluntary After-School Program Can Reduce Alcohol Use Among Middle School Children</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/news/press/2012/02/08.html</id>
   <published>Feb 8, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 8, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">If prevention researchers build programs with developmentally relevant content, and provide this content in an engaging, confidential, and non-judgmental way, it can help middle school-aged children avoid alcohol.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/news/press/2012/02/08.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Which Literacy Skills Are Associated with Smoking?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120001.html</id>
   <published>Feb 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Increases in reading skills and numeracy skills substantially increase the odds that an individual will quit smoking.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120001.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">What Oregon&apos;s Parity Law Can Tell Us About the Federal Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act and Spending on Substance Abuse Treatment Services</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120048.html</id>
   <published>Feb 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Oregon&apos;s experience suggests that behavioral health insurance parity that places restrictions on how plans manage the benefit may lead to increases in expenditures for alcohol treatment services but is unlikely to lead to increases in spending for other drug abuse treatment services.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120048.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Social Distance and Homophily in Adolescent Smoking Initiation</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120067.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">The association between peer smoking and adolescent smoking initiation appears to be due to both peer selection and direct influence.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120067.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Understanding Heterosexual Condom Use Among Homeless Men</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120060.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">This study uses an event-based approach to examine individual, relationship, and contextual correlates of heterosexual condom use among homeless men.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120060.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Voluntary After-School Program Can Reduce Alcohol Use Among Middle School Children</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120042.html</id>
   <published>Feb 8, 2012</published>
   <updated>Feb 8, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">If prevention researchers build programs with developmentally relevant content, and provide this content in an engaging, confidential, and non-judgmental way, it can help middle school-aged children avoid alcohol.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120042.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">A Search-Theoretic Model of the Retail Market for Illicit Drugs</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120005.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">How legalizing marijuana would affect consumption and tax revenues will depend on many design choices including tax level, incentives for a continued black market, whether advertising is restricted, and how the regulatory system is designed and adjusted.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120005.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Association of Childhood Abuse with Homeless Women&apos;s Social Networks</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120032.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">The effects of childhood physical abuse should be more actively investigated in clinical settings, especially those frequented by homeless women.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120032.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Targeting Anti-Smoking Messages: Does Audience Race Matter?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201200107.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">This study examined whether an adolescent&apos;s self-identified race moderates the perceived effectiveness of anti-smoking messages.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201200107.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Establishing and Evaluating the Key Functions of an Interactive Systems Framework Using an Assets-Getting to Outcomes Intervention</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120087.html</id>
   <published>Jan 1, 2012</published>
   <updated>Jan 1, 2012</updated>
   <summary type="html">Community practitioners can face difficulty in achieving outcomes demonstrated by prevention science.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP20120087.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">What Can We Learn from the Dutch Cannabis Coffeeshop System?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100298.html</id>
   <published>Nov 1, 2011</published>
   <updated>Nov 1, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">This study aims to examine the empirical consequences of officially tolerated retail sales of cannabis in the Netherlands, and possible implications for the legalization debate.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100298.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">The Influence of Mental Disorders on School Dropout in Mexico</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100276.html</id>
   <published>Nov 1, 2011</published>
   <updated>Nov 1, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">Studies the impact of mental disorders on failure in educational attainment in Mexico.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100276.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Multisite Cost Analysis of a School-Based Voluntary Alcohol and Drug Prevention Program</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100179.html</id>
   <published>Aug 31, 2011</published>
   <updated>Aug 31, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">The large cross-school variation in the cost of implementing Project CHOICE (a voluntary after-school prevention program for adolescents) highlights the importance of collecting cost information from multiple sites.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100179.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
 <entry>
   <title type="html">Substance Use and Recessions: What Can Be Learned from Economic Analyses of Alcohol?</title>
   <id>http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100167.html</id>
   <published>Aug 31, 2011</published>
   <updated>Aug 31, 2011</updated>
   <summary type="html">In developed countries, heavy drinkers consume less in a downturn, while light drinkers consume more. This pro-cyclical relationship does not hold for countries where disposable income is low.</summary>
   <link rel="alternate" type="text/xhtml" hreflang="en" title="Read More" href="http://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP201100167.html" />
   
 </entry>
 
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