Lloyd Dixon

Director, RAND Center for Catastrophic Risk Management and Compensation; Senior Economist

Santa Monica Office

Education

Ph.D. in economics, University of California, Berkeley; B.S. in general engineering, Stanford University; B.A. in political science, Stanford University

One Page Bio

Media Resources

This researcher is available for interviews.

To arrange an interview, contact the RAND Office of Media Relations at (310) 451-6913, or email media@rand.org.

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Overview

Lloyd Dixon is director of the RAND Center for Catastrophic Risk Management and Compensation and a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. He has expertise in insurance, compensation, and liability issues. Recent studies include the effect wildfire risk on California's residential insurance market, the cost and affordabiilty of flood insurance, early assistance from potentially responsible parties for human-caused disasters, and asbestos bankruptcy trusts.

Dixon received his B.S. in general engineering and B.A. in political science from Stanford University and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.

Research Focus

Previous Positions

Research Director, RAND Center for Terrorism Risk Management Policy; Research Director, RAND Institute for Civil Justice

Recent Projects

Public entity risk management practices
The impact of changing wildfire risk on California's residential insurance market
Options for a flood insurance affordability program
Early assistance from potentially responsible parties after a human-caused disaster
Attitudes toward risk-spreading in insurance

Selected Publications

Lloyd Dixon, Flavia Tsang, Gary Fitts, The Impact of Changing Wildfire Risk on California's Residential Insurance Market, California Natural Resources Agency (EP-67670), 2018

Lloyd Dixon et al., The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City: Economic Impacts of Rising Premiums and Policy Options for One-to Four-Family Homes, RAND Corporation (RR-1776), 2017

Benjamin Miller, Lloyd Dixon, and Noreen Clancy, ""Reasonable and Risk-Based? Replacing NFIP Generally Subsidized Rates with a Means-Tested Subsidy"," Southern Economic Journal, 2019

Nick Pace and Lloyd Dixon, Early Assistance from Potentially Responsible Parties After Human-Caused Disasters, RAND Corporation (RR-3022), 2019

Lloyd Dixon and Geoffrey McGovern, Bankruptcy's Effect on Product Identification in Asbestos Personal Injury Cases, (RR-907), 2015

Lloyd Dixon et al., The National Flood Insurance Program's Market Penetration Rate: Estimates and Policy Implications, RAND Corporation (TR-300), 2006

Lloyd Dixon, Robert Lempert, Tom LaTourrette, Robert Reville, The Federal Role in Terrorism Insurance: Evaluating Alternatives in an Uncertain World, RAND Corporation, RAND Corporation (MG-679), 2007

Lloyd Dixon and Rachel Kaganoff Stern, Compensation for Losses From the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks, RAND Corporation (MG-264), 2004

Recent Media Appearances

Interviews: Associated Press; Atlanta Business Chronicle; BestWire; Chicago Tribune; CNN/Money.com; Hearst Newspapers; Insurance Journal; New York Times; Wall Street Journal

Commentary

Creating the Right Incentives for State and Local Governments to Reduce Disaster Costs
In the United States, federal, state, and local governments share responsibility for paying for losses from disasters. As the frequency and severity of disasters has increased, so have the losses. It's worth considering whether the current risk-sharing approach is appropriate.
Oct 14, 2020 The Hill
Key Questions to Ask in Designing a Pandemic Risk Insurance Program
Congress is considering establishing an insurance program that would make business interruption coverage for pandemics less expensive and more widely available. We have identified several key questions that policymakers could consider when designing a pandemic risk insurance program.
Jul 27, 2020 The RAND Blog
Is It Time for a Federal Pandemic Insurance Program?
Insurance companies for the most part are not contractually obligated to cover the enormous business interruption losses caused by social distancing and stay-at-home orders. How might the United States design a system for risk spreading and compensation for pandemics? And what roles should insurance and government play?
Jun 26, 2020 The RAND Blog
Tapping Business Interruption Insurance Coverage to Assist Small Business During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Benefits and Drawbacks
Legislation has been introduced in several states that would require insurers to cover business interruption losses due to the COVID-19 outbreak. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a law? If policymakers were to proceed with such an approach, then what design considerations should they keep in mind?
Apr 10, 2020 The RAND Blog
Allocating Costs for California Wildfires
Wildfires in California have caused and will likely continue to cause substantial losses for residents, businesses, and government agencies. It is important to distribute these losses in a manner that provides incentives to reduce their magnitude over time.
Jul 24, 2019 The RAND Blog
Why Houstonians Didn't Buy Flood Insurance
Thousands of Houston-area homeowners will face massive, uninsured losses due to flood damage. Few homeowners buy flood insurance unless they are required to, and it's only mandatory for homes with mortgages located in FEMA-defined high-risk flood zones. People tend to ignore low-probability risks.
Sep 12, 2017 The RAND Blog
3 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act Facts for Congress to Consider
With the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act set to expire this year, Congress is currently revisiting a crucial question: What is the appropriate government role in terrorism insurance markets? As the debate unfolds on Capitol Hill, policymakers should consider three key research findings.
Jun 12, 2014 U.S. News & World Report
A Year After Sandy, a New Threat to New York City
As residents continue to recover from Superstorm Sandy, they are about to confront dramatic changes in the flood insurance landscape. Changes to federal floodplain maps will mean thousands of New Yorkers will suddenly be living in areas designated as high-risk flood, which will send their insurance rates soaring.
Nov 5, 2013 The RAND Blog
Blog
Grab Vital Habitat Now: How Riverside County Can Step Up Conservation While Land Prices Are Down
The economic slowdown threatens to put a crimp in ambitious efforts to balance preservation, transportation improvements and development in western Riverside County. It doesn't have to. Actually, it presents an opportunity, writes Lloyd Dixon.
Dec 1, 2008 The Press-Enterprise

Publications

Report
Insuring Public Buildings, Contents, Vehicles, and Equipment Against Disasters: Current Practices of State and Local Government and Options for Closing the Insurance Gap
For this report, researchers examined state and local financial risk management practices, the role that the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Public Assistance program plays in these practices, and options for closing the insurance gap.
Oct 9, 2020
Report
Report
Modernizing Puerto Rico's Housing Sector Following Hurricanes Irma and Maria: Post-Storm Challenges and Potential Courses of Action
Puerto Rico's housing sector needs a big fix. Through a careful analysis of housing damage caused by the 2017 hurricanes, the authors make informed recovery recommendations for policymakers so they can repair and rebuild safe and affordable housing.
Sep 30, 2020
Report
COVID-19 Vaccinations: Liability and Compensation Considerations Critical for a Successful Campaign
The authors of this Perspective examine liability and compensation issues as they relate to the distribution and administration of future COVID-19 vaccines.
Sep 21, 2020
Research Brief
California Wildfires: Can Insurance Markets Handle the Risk?
This brief examines the health of the wildfire insurance market in two areas in northern and southern California and the projected wildfire risk in these areas through 2100.
Sep 14, 2020
Report
Early Assistance from Potentially Responsible Parties After Human-Made Disasters
The authors explore cases in which potentially responsible parties offered early assistance to those affected by human-made disasters. They also examine the benefits and drawbacks of such assistance and describe options for encouraging this behavior.
Nov 14, 2019
Journal Article
Journal Article
Reasonable and Risk-Based? Replacing NFIP Generally Subsidized Rates with a Means-Tested Subsidy
Our results suggest that the savings associated with replacing subsidies with our proposed means-tested subsidy would be $183 million per year if all households in the study area hold NFIP policies, or a savings of approximately $3800 per policy.
2019
Testimony
Testimony
Insurance for Wildfire Risk in California
Testimony presented before a joint meeting of the California State Assembly and California State Senate Committees on Insurance on October 30, 2018.
Dec 10, 2018
Journal Article
The Impact of Changing Wildfire Risks on California's Residential Insurance Market
This study identifies the challenges faced by California residential insurance markets in areas with high wildfire risk. It also examines how climate change is expected to change wildfire risk and the potential implications for insurance markets.
Sep 5, 2018
Report
Emerging Trends in Compensation for Widespread Losses
These conference proceedings explore emerging trends in compensation for widespread loss events, including regulators' changing roles, the impact of liens, and claim aggregation.
Dec 4, 2017
Report
Assigning Responsibility Following a Catastrophe: Alternatives to Relying Solely on Traditional Civil Litigation
This report reviews various alternatives to relying exclusively on traditional civil litigation to assign responsibility for the human causes of a catastrophe and to determine the types of losses that a designated responsible party must reimburse.
Nov 28, 2017
Report
Process and Outcome Evaluation of the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program
Presents the results of a process and outcome evaluation of the California Energy Commission's Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program, relying on quantitative and qualitative methods.
Sep 6, 2017
Report
The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City: Economic Impacts of Rising Premiums and Policy Options for One- to Four-Family Homes
This report examines flood insurance cost in New York City and homeowners' ability to afford it. It develops and evaluates several different approaches for assisting households that have difficulty affording flood insurance.
Mar 27, 2017
Research Brief
How Affordable Is Flood Insurance in New York City and What Can Be Done to Address Affordability Issues?
This research brief examines the affordability of flood insurance in New York City and what can be done to address the affordability issue.
Mar 27, 2017
Journal Article
Journal Article
Response to Inselbuch and Sackett's Critique of RAND Reports on Asbestos Trusts and Asbestos Litigation
RAND responds to a piece published in Mealey's Asbestos Bankruptcy Report that was critical of three RAND studies on asbestos litigation and bankruptcy trusts.
Mar 9, 2016
Report
Bankruptcy's Effect on Product Identification in Asbestos Personal Injury Cases
This report investigates whether bankruptcy reduces the likelihood that exposures to the asbestos-containing products of bankrupt parties will be identified in interrogatories and depositions.
May 21, 2015
Research Brief
Research Brief
Bankruptcy Trusts Complicate the Outcomes of Asbestos Lawsuits
Interrogatories and depositions in a tort case against a bankrupt firm are less likely to reveal exposure to asbestos in the firm's product than if the case had occurred before the firm filed bankruptcy.
May 21, 2015
Report
Report
The Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act
Recounts the proceedings of a conference to discuss recent RAND research on issues related to the potential reauthorization of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, as well as the varying implications of TRIA's expiration, modification, and extension.
Sep 2, 2014
Testimony
Catastrophic Risk in California: Are Homeowners and Communities Prepared?
Testimony presented before the California State Senate Committee on Insurance on May 14, 2014.
Aug 6, 2014
Report
The Impact on Workers' Compensation Insurance Markets of Allowing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to Expire
Examines how markets for workers' compensation insurance would be affected if the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act were allowed to expire.
May 7, 2014
Report
Flood Insurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy
This report examines dimensions of the changing flood insurance environment in New York City and explores the consequences for the city's residents and businesses.
Oct 25, 2013
Research Brief
The Rising Cost of Flood Insurance in New York City
Even as many in New York City struggle to rebuild after Hurricane Sandy, changes in the flood insurance market are increasing premiums for those living near the coast. This brief examines the gravity of the news and what can be done in response.
Oct 25, 2013
Report
Hedge Funds, Systemic Risk, and Dodd-Frank: The Road Ahead
These proceedings summarize the key themes and issues raised during a September 2012 RAND symposium. Discussion focused on how hedge funds might contribute to systemic risk and the extent to which recent financial reforms address these risks.
Jun 12, 2013
Research Brief
Making Good Decisions Without Predictions: Robust Decision Making for Planning Under Deep Uncertainty
Quantitative analysis is often indispensable to sound planning. But with deep uncertainty, predictions can lead decisionmakers astray. Robust Decision Making supports good decisions without predictions by testing plans against many futures.
Feb 28, 2013
Research Brief
Research Brief
Do Hedge Funds Pose a Systemic Risk to the Economy?
RAND research finds that hedge funds did not play a pivotal role in the financial crisis of 2007-2008 but assesses how such funds could contribute to systemic risk in the future.
Sep 19, 2012
Report
Hedge Funds and Systemic Risk
This report explores the extent to which hedge funds create or contribute to systemic risk, the role they played in the financial crisis, and whether and how the 2010 Dodd-Frank legislation addresses the potential systemic risks they pose.
Sep 19, 2012
Periodical
Periodical
RAND Review: Vol. 35, No. 2, Summer 2011
Stories discuss America after 9/11, Afghan-based solutions, Al Qaeda's narrative, air passenger security, victim compensation, military families, health insurance, entrepreneurship, unemployment, sex, Katrina families, Arab Spring, and a new RAND.
Sep 1, 2011
Report
Report
Asbestos Bankruptcy Trusts and Tort Compensation
This book examines how state tort laws and court proceedings consider the compensation available from asbestos bankruptcy trusts and the evidence submitted in trust claim forms, and how the establishment of the trusts can affect compensation.
Aug 18, 2011
Research Brief
Research Brief
Bankruptcy Trusts, Asbestos Compensation, and the Courts
People with asbestos injuries are increasingly receiving compensation from trusts set up by bankrupt asbestos defendants. This brief documents how courts handling these cases consider trust payments when determining compensation.
Aug 18, 2011
Report
The Long Shadow of 9/11: America's Response to Terrorism
In a series of essays, this book addresses the question of how America has responded in the ten years since the 9/11 terrorist attacks and suggests options for more effectively dealing with the terrorist threat in the future.
Jul 26, 2011
Research Brief
Research Brief
Call for Reform in the Residential Insurance Market after Hurricane Katrina
In light of what occurred after Katrina and the other 2004-2005 hurricanes, the authors propose goals for an effective Gulf Coast residential insurance market and highlight policy reforms that warrant consideration for achieving those goals.
Oct 8, 2010
Report
Report
Residential Insurance on the U.S. Gulf Coast in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A Framework for Evaluating Potential Reforms
Proposes goals for an effective U.S. Gulf Coast residential insurance market and highlights policy reforms that warrant consideration for achieving those goals.
Oct 8, 2010
Report
Report
Asbestos Bankruptcy Trusts: An Overview of Trust Structure and Activity with Detailed Reports on the Largest Trusts
This report describes the creation, organization, governance, and operation of asbestos personal-injury trusts and compiles information on the assets, outlays, claim-approval criteria, and governing boards of the 26 largest trusts.
Jul 26, 2010
Research Brief
Research Brief
Improving the Performance of the California Workers' Compensation Insurance Market
Analyzes factors that led to swings in the California workers' compensation insurance market after partial rate deregulation in 1995 and suggest ways to reduce market volatility and insurer insolvencies while maintaining the benefits of competition.
Jan 11, 2010
Report
California's Volatile Workers' Compensation Insurance Market: Problems and Recommendations for Change
This book makes recommendations to reduce the volatility of California's workers' compensation insurance market and the frequency of insolvencies while realizing the benefits of competition.
Dec 7, 2009
Research Brief
Research Brief
Diagnostic Abuse in Silica Litigation
This brief analyzes the factors that led to the exposure of widespread abuse in the diagnoses in thousands of silica injury claims in Texas, then suggests ways to uncover such abuses in mass personal-injury litigation more easily in the future.
Dec 4, 2009
Report
Report
The Abuse of Medical Diagnostic Practices in Mass Litigation: The Case of Silica
This report reviews the court proceedings that led to the uncovering of abusive diagnostic practices in silica litigation, then identifies ways in which similar practices could be uncovered or prevented in the future.
Nov 13, 2009
Report
Report
Balancing Environment and Development: Costs, Revenues, and Benefits of the Western Riverside County Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan
A large habitat-conservation reserve is being created in western Riverside County to mitigate development effects on threatened and endangered species. This monograph examines the plan's costs, revenues, and effects on the permitting process.
Oct 18, 2008
Research Brief
Research Brief
Evaluating Alternatives for Renewing TRIA in an Uncertain World
This research brief summarizes an analysis of terrorism-insurance policy. The current law produces positive outcomes for conventional attacks but does not effectively address risks that nuclear, biological, chemical, or radiological attacks present.
Mar 3, 2008
Report
The Federal Role in Terrorism Insurance: Evaluating Alternatives in an Uncertain World
This book examines the impact of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act on the market for terrorism insurance and analyzes program enhancements to improve the availability of insurance for nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological attacks.
Sep 25, 2007
Report
Report
Commercial Wind Insurance in the Gulf States: Developments Since Hurricane Katrina and Challenges Moving Forward
Summarizes the 2005 hurricane season's impact on the market for commercial property insurance in the Gulf States, proposes goals and challenges for a wind risk insurance system, and identifies where further research is needed.
Jul 15, 2007
Research Brief
Research Brief
Private Insurers Play a Limited, but Key, Role in Underwriting Residential Flood Insurance
This research brief summarizes a study that found that the private insurance industry underwrites residential flood insurance in a limited but important niche, protecting more homes, responding to lender and borrower needs, and reducing lender costs.
Jun 18, 2007
Report
Report
Trade-Offs Among Alternative Government Interventions in the Market for Terrorism Insurance: Interim Results
This briefing informs the debate over extending the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA). The results suggest that TRIA performs well on outcomes examined for conventional attacks but not for chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear ones.
May 28, 2007
Report
Report
The Lender-Placed Flood Insurance Market for Residential Properties
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) provides the majority of flood insurance on U.S. residential properties. This report provides information about the size of the private flood insurance market and compares private with NFIP policies.
May 2, 2007
Report
Economically Targeted Terrorism: A Review of the Literature and a Framework for Considering Defensive Approaches
This report describes the range of economic effects of terrorist activities. The framework developed here captures costs of economic targeting, whether through episodic or campaign terrorism, and explores defensive measures against this threat.
Apr 25, 2007
Report
National Security and Private-Sector Risk Management for Terrorism
High take-up rates for terrorism insurance or other forms of compensation for terrorism losses can enhance economic resilience after an attack and encourage national cohesion and post-event solidarity.
Oct 11, 2006
Research Brief
Research Brief
Evaluating National Flood Insurance
This research brief assesses the nationwide market penetration rate of the Federal Emergency Management Agency-administered National Flood Insurance Program, identifies the contributing factors, and summarizes the benefits of increasing this rate.
Mar 3, 2006
Draft
Draft
The Impact of Regulation and Litigation on Small Business and Entrepreneurship: An Overview
Surveys existing research and the general state of knowledge about the impact of regulation and legislation on small business, focusing on the areas of corporate securities, environmental protection, employment, and health insurance.
Mar 3, 2006
Report
The National Flood Insurance Program’s Market Penetration Rate: Estimates and Policy Implications
This report contributes to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's evaluation of the National Flood Insurance Program by assessing the program's market penetration rate and by examining opportunities for increasing this rate.
Jan 23, 2006
Research Brief
Research Brief
More Accurate Transaction Data Are Needed to Improve Air Force Service Centers
RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF) was asked to analyze how much the Air Force spends and on what types of services.
Nov 25, 2005
Report
Report
Oil Shale Development in the United States: Prospects and Policy Issues
Should the United States tap into its vast deposits of oil shale?
Aug 17, 2005
Report
Report
National Security and Compensation Policy for Terrorism Losses
Terrorism insurance policy may be an important element of the strategy against terrorism, particularly as terrorists increasingly focus on economic targets.
Jun 20, 2005
Report
Report
An Assessment of Air Force Data on Contract Expenditures
Assesses the adequacy and accuracy of data from the Individual Contracting Action Report form, also known as the DD350, for conducting an expenditure analysis
May 20, 2005
Report
Report
The Impact of Extended Vehicle Emission Warranties on California’s Independent Repair Shops
Examines and quantifies the possible effects of extended emission-system warranties on independent repair shop revenues and other impacts from extended warranties.
2005
Report
Report
Issues and Options for Government Intervention in the Market for Terrorism Insurance
Examines the central issues in the debate over whether to extend, modify, or end the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, which requires insurers to make terrorism coverage available to commercial policyholders
Dec 20, 2004
Report
Compensation for Losses from the 9/11 Attacks
Examines benefits going to those who were killed or seriously injured in the 9/11 attacks and benefits to individuals and businesses in New York City that suffered losses from the attack on the World Trade Center.
Nov 2, 2004
Research Brief
Research Brief
Compensating the Victims of 9/11
This research brief quantifies the benefits received by the various 9/11 victim groups from each compensation mechanism including insurance payments, government programs, and charitable distributions.
2004
Research Brief
Research Brief
Gauging the Prospects of a U.S. Oil Shale Industry
Higher world oil prices and recent technological achievements are generating renewed interest in oil shale. However, based on technical design needs, initial commercial operations are likely more than a decade away.
2004
Research Brief
Research Brief
How Would a ''Choice'' Auto Insurance Plan Affect the Insurance Costs and Compensation of Accident Victims?
Under a choice plan, those who elect the no-fault option will realize substantial cost savings while those who choose the modified version of their state's current system will not be affected.
2004
Periodical
Periodical
RAND Review: Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2004
Proposes ways to transform the U.S. military's personnel and compensation systems; also examines the influence of family socioeconomic background on student educational achievement and lessons of the Green Revolution for the "Gene Revolution."
2004
Report
Report
Final Assembly and Checkout Alternatives for the Joint Strike Fighter
Analyzes alternative strategies for final assembly and checkout of the Joint Strike Fighter.
Apr 29, 2002
Report
Report
Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California's Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs?
Examines the costs and emission benefits of battery-powered electric vehicles, direct hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, and other advanced technology vehicles, such gasoline hybrid electric vehicles, that manufacturers may use to satisfy program requirements.
2002
Research Brief
Research Brief
Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence
Judges have been taking their new role seriously and applying stricter standards to determine what sort of expert evidence is admissible. They also found that plaintiffs and defendants responded to the change in admissibility standards.
2002
Report
Report
The Implications of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks for California: A Collection of Issue Papers
This collection of issue papers illustrates that there is work to be done to improve our understanding of terrorism's longer-term effects.
2002
Periodical
Periodical
RAND Review: Vol. 26, No. 3, Fall 2002
Portrays the plight of public policies that are subject to conflicting goals -- on the national, state, and international levels -- including welfare reform in the United States, air quality in California, and information technology around the world.
2002
Periodical
Periodical
RAND Review: Vol. 26, No. 2, Summer 2002
Surveys RAND research conducted since Sept. 11, 2001, that examines the dimensions of the terrorist threat and potential responses to it, and issues such as global priorities, oversees deployments, homeland security, and state and local initiatives.
2002
Report
Report
The Effects of the Soledad Canyon Mine on the Aggregate Industry in the Greater Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
The Effects of the Soledad Canyon Mine on the Aggregate Industry in the Greater Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
2001
Report
Report
Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Cases Since the Daubert Decision
Changes in the Standards for Admitting Expert Evidence in Federal Civil Cases Since the Daubert Decision
2001
Report
Report
Fighting Air Pollution in Southern California by Scrapping Old Vehicles
Analyzes the effects of an innovative and controversial program — voluntary accelerated vehicle retirement — that is part of California's plan for complying with federal clean-air standards by the required date of 2010.
2001
Research Brief
Research Brief
Scrapping Old Vehicles Would Improve Southern California Air Quality at Reasonable Cost
A California program to scrap old passenger cars and light-duty trucks (light-duty vehicles, or LDVs) would improve air quality in the greater Los Angeles area at a reasonable cost.
2001
Report
Report
The Financial Implications of Releasing Small Firms and Small-Volume Contributors from Superfund Liability
Estimates the number of PRPs that would be released and the cleanup costs that would be transferred to the Fund by recent proposals.
2000
Research Brief
Research Brief
Releasing Small Firms from Superfund Liability: What Will It Cost?
Provides information about proposals to exempt small firms and small-volume contributors, including the number and proportion of business firms that would be released, the proposals' dollar costs, and their effect on firms that would remain liable.
2000
Research Brief
Research Brief
Introducing Managed Care in the Military Health System
CRI fundamentally changed the military health system; therefore, Congress required a demonstration to test the initiative's feasibility and cost-effectiveness before expanding it.
1999
Draft
Draft
Building a New Vision for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California: Options for Key Policy Decisions
Drawing on over 100 interviews with a wide range of people and organizations, this report identifies issues that the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California must address as it reevaluates its role in the Southern California water industry.
1998
Report
Report
The Impact of Water Supply Reductions on San Joaquin Valley Agriculture During the 1986-1992 Drought
This report attempts to improve understanding of the likely effects of water supply reductions on agriculture.
1998
Report
Report
Drought Management Policies and Economic Effects in Urban Areas of California, 1987-1992
This study reports the results of a detailed survey of urban water agencies to provide the background information needed for future studies to determine willingness-to-pay.
1996
Report
Report
California’s Ozone Reduction Strategy for Light-Duty Vehicles: An Economic Assessment
This report is a summary of MR-695, California's Ozone-Reduction Strategy for Light-Duty Vehicles: Direct Costs, Direct Emission Effects, and Market Responses.
1996
Report
Report
California’s Ozone-Reduction Strategy for Light-Duty Vehicles: Direct Costs, Direct Emission Effects, and Market Responses
The study analyzes costs, emissions effects, effects on vehicle markets, and the distribution of costs for regulations for California's multi-pronged strategy.
1996
Research Brief
Research Brief
Cleaning Up California's Vehicles: Tuning the Policy Mix
Analyzed the costs and emission effects of California's strategy for reducing emissions from light-duty vehicles -- passenger cars and light-duty trucks.
1996
Testimony
Testimony
Economic Perspectives on Revising California’s Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate
This publication contains the written statement of Lloyd S. Dixon and Steven Garber delivered on March 28, 1996, to the California Air Resources Board.
1996
Report
Report
The effects of benefit design and managed care on health care costs
The effects of benefit design and managed care on health care costs
1996
Draft
Draft
Making ZEV Policy Despite Uncertainty: An Annotated Briefing for the California Air Resources Board
An analysis of the existing estimates of the cost and effectiveness of California's zero emission vehicle mandate.
1996
Testimony
Testimony
Superfund Liability Reform: Implications for Transaction Costs and Site Cleanup
This publication contains the written statement of Lloyd S. Dixon submitted on March 10, 1995, to the Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Control and Risk Assessment of the United States Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.
1995
Research Brief
Research Brief
Fixing Superfund: Getting the Formula Right
This research brief describes the contentious interactions among firms that generated or transported hazardous wastes and are thus liable for cleanup.
1994
Report
Report
Fixing Superfund: The Effect of the Proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on Transaction Costs
This report focuses on the possible effect of the proposed Superfund Reform Act of 1994 on transaction costs -- costs resulting not from cleanup but from assigning liability for cleanup among the various parties.
1994
Report
Report
Private-Sector Cleanup Expenditures and Transaction Costs at 18 Superfund Sites
This report will be of interest to those evaluating Superfund's liability-based approach to cleaning up the thousands of abandoned or inactive sites across the United States that are contaminated with hazardous substances.
1993
Report
Report
Assessment of the Economic Impacts of California's Drought on Urban Areas: A Research Agenda
1987-91 California drought, evaluates existing work on the economic effects of the drought, and presents an agenda for future research to make an overall estimate of the economic costs of the drought in urban areas.
1993
Report
Report
California's 1991 Drought Water Bank: Economic Impacts in the Selling Regions
In 1991, to mitigate the effects of a five-year drought, the California department of Water Resources bought water from farmers, landlords, and agencies in northern and central California and resold it to urban and agricultural areas.
1993
Report
Report
Evaluation of the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative: Volume 3, Health Care Utilization and Costs
Health care utilization and costs under managed care are evaluated in this report.
1993
Testimony
Testimony
RAND Research on Superfund Transaction Costs: A Summary of Findings to Date
This publication contains the written statement of Lloyd S. Dixon submitted on November 4, 1993 to the Subcommittee on Superfund, Recycling, and Solid Waste of the United States Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.
1993
Research Brief
Research Brief
Superfund: The Private-Sector Experience
This research brief examines the extent of the involvement of private parties with Superfund site cleanup.
1992
Report
Report
Superfund and Transaction Costs: The Experiences of Insurers and Very Large Industrial Firms
Congress enacted the Superfund program in 1980 to clean up the nation's worst inactive hazardous-waste sites. Superfund uses a liability-based approach intended to help government tap private-sector resources to finance and conduct cleanups.
1992
Testimony
Testimony
Superfund and Transaction Costs - The Experiences of Insurers and Very Large Industrial Firms
Lloyd Dixon, a RAND economist, recently testified before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Public Works and Transportation regarding transaction costs involved in the cleanup of hazardous waste sites.
1992
Report
Report
Utilization and Costs in the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative: Preliminary Results for April-September 1989
Presents interim results from an evaluation of the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative (CRI), which was implemented in August 1988 throughout California and Hawaii to demonstrate major reforms of the military health care system.
1991
Report
Report
Preliminary Results from an Evaluation of the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative
This Note presents preliminary findings concerning the operations of the major CRI programs and their effects on CHAMPUS costs in California and Hawaii.
1990