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Publications on Drug Abuse and Drug Policy

2023

Alternatives to profit-maximising commercial models of cannabis supply for non-medical use November 1, 2023

Mafalda Pardal, Beau Kilmer, Sara d'Auria, Tamara Strabel, Silvia Galimberti, Stijn Hoorens, Tom Decorte, Ben Senator
This report presents the findings from a study funded by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health to identify and analyse alternatives to profit-maximising commercial models of cannabis supply for non-medical use. This report provides a detailed overview of the regulatory frameworks which have introduced such models and considers the available evidence on the consequences of their implementation.
Does Removing Menthol Cigarettes in Convenience Stores Reduce Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoking? An Experimental Investigation in Young People September 5, 2023

William G. Shadel, Claude Messan Setodji, Steven C. Martino, Michael Stephen Dunbar, Desmond Jenson, Armenda Bialas, Rosemary Li
This experiment evaluated whether the absence of menthol products from a convenience store influenced young people’s susceptibility to cigarette smoking after they shopped in the store.
Design of CLARO+ (Collaboration Leading to Addiction Treatment and Recovery from Other Stresses, Plus): A Randomized Trial of Collaborative Care to Decrease Overdose and Suicide Risk Among Patients with Co-Occurring Disorders August 17, 2023

Karen Chan Osilla, Lisa S. Meredith, Beth Ann Griffin, Monique Martineau, Grace Hindmarch, Katherine E. Watkins
We build upon a model of collaborative care in which care coordinators deliver preventative measures to high-risk patients and coordinate care with the patients' care team, to increase MOUD retention and decrease risk of suicide and overdose.
Findings from an Organizational Context Survey to Inform the Implementation of a Collaborative Care Study for Co-occurring Disorders August 17, 2023

Sandra Kay Evans, Alex R. Dopp, Lisa S. Meredith, Allison J. Ober, Karen Chan Osilla, Miriam Komaromy, Katherine E. Watkins
This study surveyed primary care and behavioral health staff from 13 clinics implementing a collaborative care intervention for opioid use disorders co-occurring with PTSD and/or depression as part of a multisite randomized controlled trial.
Proximity to Legal Cannabis Stores in Canada and Use of Cannabis Sources in the First Three Years of Legalization, 2019-2021 August 15, 2023

Elle Wadsworth, Pete Driezen, Julia A. Dilley, Pete Driezen, Rebecca Jesseman, David Hammond
Proximity to legal cannabis stores may aid uptake of the legal market but there may be diminishing returns after a certain point.
Sexual Identity Differences in Tobacco (Re)Uptake: Testing Mediation by Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms August 11, 2023

Rebecca J. Evans-Polce, Megan S. Schuler, Luisa Kcomt, Vita V. McCabe, Sean Esteban McCabe
We examined whether internalizing and externalizing psychological symptoms serve as mediators of tobacco (re)uptake among sexual minority individuals using data from Waves 4 and 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study.
An Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Banning the Sale of Flavored Tobacco Products on Adolescents' and Young Adults' Future Nicotine Vaping Intentions August 10, 2023

Michael Stephen Dunbar, Claude Messan Setodji, Steven C. Martino, Desmond Jensen, Rosemary Li, Armenda Bialas, William G. Shadel
Experimentally removing flavored tobacco products from a model convenience store display did not change teens' intentions to vape flavored products but increased intentions to use tobacco-flavored vaping products among teens who had previously vaped.
Investigating the Complexity of Naloxone Distribution: Which Policies Matter for Pharmacies and Potential Recipients July 31, 2023

Rosanna Smart, David Powell, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Evan D. Peet, Rahi Abouk, Corey S. Davis
In this paper, we estimate the effects on naloxone pharmacy distribution of two types of laws: laws authorizing non-patient-specific prescription distribution of naloxone and laws granting pharmacists prescriptive authority for naloxone.
National Trends in Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder From 2007 to 2018 July 14, 2023

Megan S. Schuler, Brendan Saloner, Adam J. Gordon, Andrew W. Dick, Bradley D. Stein
This study characterizes buprenorphine treatment episodes during 2007-2018 with respect to payer, provider specialty, and patient demographics. We find clear growth in buprenorphine treatment-particularly for older adults and Medicaid beneficiaries.
Cultural Dynamics, Substance Use, and Resilience Among American Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults in Urban Areas June 27, 2023

Ryan Andrew Brown, Alina I. Palimaru, Daniel Dickerson, Kathy Etz, David P. Kennedy, Benjamin Hale, Carrie L. Johnson, Elizabeth J. D'Amico
We conducted 13 focus groups with urban AI/AN emerging adults, parents, and providers. We found risks of substance use from cultural isolation and that culture provided a source of strength and resilience for urban AI/AN emerging adults.
Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Opioid Prescribing and Opioid-Related Hospital Visits in Colorado: An Observational Study June 27, 2023

Christine Buttorff, George Sam Wang, Asa Wilks, Gregory J. Tung, Amii M. Kress, Daniel Schwam, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
Our mixed findings suggest that further increases in cannabis beyond medical access may not always reduce opioid prescribing or opioid-related hospital visits at a population level.
Risk and Protective Factors of Social Networks on Alcohol, Cannabis, and Opioid Use Among Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults June 16, 2023

Elizabeth J. D'Amico, David P. Kennedy, Nipher Malika, David J. Klein, Ryan Andrew Brown, Anthony Rodriguez, Carrie L. Johnson, Kurt Schweigman, Virginia Arvizu-Sanchez, Kathy Etz, et al.
A higher proportion of network members engaging in traditional practices but not heavy substance use was associated with lower intentions to use cannabis or drink alcohol. Traditional practices may be an important part of prevention.
Onderzoek Experiment Gesloten Coffeeshopketen: Rapportage voormeting 2021: [Study in support of the Controlled Cannabis Supply Chain Experiment: Pre-measurement report 2021] May 31, 2023

Ralph Mennes, Stijn Hoorens, Margriet van Laar, Karin Monshouwer, Marleen Olthof, Pieter Oomen, Mafalda Pardal, Sander Rigter, Ruud Roodbeen, Irene Schoonbeek, et al.
This document is the first research report in the context of the experiment with a closed cannabis supply chain in the Netherlands. During this experiment, ten municipalities will test the sale of legally grown cannabis in so-called coffeeshops. The report includes results on cannabis consumption, the sale of cannabis from tolerated dispensaries (coffeeshops) and the illegal sale of hash and weed prior to the introduction of the experiment.
Implementation and Outcome Evaluation of LA DOOR: A Proposition 47-Funded Program in Los Angeles: Cohort 2 Final Evaluation Report May 24, 2023

Melissa M. Labriola, Danielle Sobol, Heather Sims, Stephanie Brooks Holliday
The Los Angeles Diversion, Outreach, and Opportunities for Recovery (LA DOOR) program is designed by the Los Angeles City Attorney's Office (LACA) to provide a comprehensive, health-focused, preventative approach that proactively engages individuals at elevated risk of returning to LACA on a new misdemeanor offense. In this report, the authors document the findings of a process and outcome evaluation of Cohort 2 of the LA DOOR program.
Association of Polysubstance Use Disorder with Treatment Quality Among Medicaid Beneficiaries with Opioid Use Disorder March 10, 2023

Rosanna Smart, Joo Yeon Kim, Susan Kennedy, Lu Tang, Lindsay Allen, Dushka Crane, Aimee Mack, Shamis Mohamoud, Nathan Pauly, Rosa Perez, et al.
Ongoing progress toward increasing access to and quality of evidence-based treatment for OUD requires further efforts to ensure that individuals with co-occurring SUDs are engaged and retained in effective treatment.
Association of an Alcohol Abstinence Program With Mortality in Individuals Arrested for Driving While Alcohol Impaired March 2, 2023

Nancy Nicosia, Beau Kilmer, Gregory Midgette, Marika Booth
Individual-level analysis finds that among those arrested for driving under the influence, participation in 24/7 Sobriety reduces risk of death during study period—on the order of 50 percent.
The Role of Pre-Treatment Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Substance Use Treatment Outcomes February 21, 2023

Donna L. Coffman, Lynsay Ayer, Megan S. Schuler, Mark D. Godley, Beth Ann Griffin
This study assesses the association between traumatic stress symptoms and substance use treatment outcomes among trauma-exposed adolescents, using methods to reduce potential confounding from factors such as baseline substance use severity.
Inzichten in de effectiviteit van preventieve instrumenten in de strijd tegen georganiseerde criminaliteit: [Insights into the effectiveness of preventive instruments tackling organised crime] January 31, 2023

Mafalda Pardal, Lana Eekelschot, Stijn Hoorens, Emma Louise Blondes
Organised crime poses a threat to the security of our societies and the integrity of public administration. This study responds to a call from the Research and Documentation Centre (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum, WODC) to gather insights into the effectiveness of preventative instruments in the field of organised crime, drawing on a review of the literature and expert interviews.
A Multi-Site Evaluation of Law Enforcement Deflection in the United States January 10, 2023

Melissa M. Labriola, Samuel Peterson, Jirka Taylor, Danielle Sobol, Jessica Reichert, Jon Ross, Jac Charlier, Sophia Juarez
This report describes the findings from a multi-site evaluation of law enforcement deflection in the United States. The authors describe how each program is implemented and identify key program facilitators and barriers. For two of the six sites, the authors conducted outcome analyses to determine whether the model is effective in reducing drug-related deaths and overdoses, arrests, and treatment admissions.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Email-Based Nudges to Reduce Postoperative Opioid Prescribing: Study Protocol of a Randomised Controlled Trial October 30, 2023

Allison Kirkegaard, Zachary Wagner, Louis T. Mariano, Meghan Martinez, Xiaowei Sherry Yan, Robert J. Romanelli, Katherine E. Watkins
Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of two behavioral nudges, one based on peer behavior and one based on best practice guidelines, in reducing excessive postoperative opioid prescriptions.
Traditions and Connections for Urban Native Americans (TACUNA): Utilizing Community-Based Input to Develop an Opioid Prevention Intervention for Urban American Indian/Alaska Native Emerging Adults June 21, 2023

Daniel Dickerson, Elizabeth J. D'Amico, Alina I. Palimaru, Ryan Andrew Brown, David P. Kennedy, Carrie L. Johnson, Kurt Schweigman
Very few opioid prevention programs exist for urban Native American emerging adults. Community participation enhances opioid prevention programs for urban Native Americans. Engaging in Native American traditional practices promotes healthy behaviors.
Feasibility of a Computer-Assisted Social Network Motivational Interviewing Intervention to Reduce Substance Use and Increase Supportive Connections Among Emerging Adults Transitioning from Homelessness to Housing June 13, 2023

David P. Kennedy, Karen Chan Osilla, Joan S. Tucker
Results suggest that a substance use intervention using Motivational Interviewing and social network visualizations is acceptable to youth transitioning to housing from and can be feasibly delivered by case managers during case management sessions.

2022

The Kids Aren't Alright: The Effects of Medical Marijuana Market Size on Adolescents December 9, 2022

Rosanna Smart, Jacqueline Doremus
Combining a novel measure of market size with two shocks to U.S. federal enforcement policy, researchers find that legal medical market growth increases youth cannabis use and alcohol-involved car accidents, suggesting complementarities for youths. It’s unclear whether these results apply to cannabis legalization for nonmedical purposes.
Psychedelics and Veterans' Mental Health: The Evolving Legal and Policy Landscape in the United States December 21, 2022

Bryce Pardo, Beau Kilmer, Rajeev Ramchand, Carrie M. Farmer
There has been a resurgence of interest in the therapeutic use of compounds often referred to as psychedelics to address a variety of mental health conditions that are common among veterans. Given the rapidly evolving legal and policy landscape surrounding the use and supply of psychedelics, the federal government must consider how best to support veterans and their health care providers.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Incorporating Social Network Visualizations Into a Culturally Centered Motivational Network Intervention to Prevent Substance Use Among Urban Native American Emerging Adults: A Qualitative Study November 22, 2022

David P. Kennedy, Elizabeth J. D'Amico, Ryan Andrew Brown, Alina I. Palimaru, Daniel Dickerson, Carrie L. Johnson, Anthony Lopez
Social network visualizations are a promising tool for increasing awareness of social challenges and sources of resilience for urban American Indian/Alaska Native emerging adults.

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