NSRD Publications

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  Balancing Access and Cost Control in the TRICARE Prescription Drug Benefit 2021

  Andrew W. Mulcahy, Brian Phillips, Christopher M. Whaley

  This report describes the TRICARE pharmacy benefit and the trade-offs in TRICARE pharmacy policies between increasing access and controlling costs. It presents six approaches that TRICARE should explore further to improve access, control costs, or both, including a more selective formulary, narrower pharmacy networks, and further harmonization with other federal purchasers, such as the Veterans Health Administration.

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  Distributed Kill Chains: Drawing Insights for Mosaic Warfare from the Immune System and from the Navy 2021

  Nicholas A. O'Donoughue, Samantha McBirney, Brian Persons

  In Mosaic warfare, individual warfighting platforms are assembled like ceramic tiles to make a larger "mosaic," or force package. Noting that the immune system has evolved over 500 million years to exhibit mosaiclike properties — meaning that these properties have conferred some evolutionary advantage — the authors suggest that Mosaic warfare might have advantages, such as resilience and adaptability, over other approaches to defeating a threat.

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  Findings on Mosaic Warfare from a Colonel Blotto Game 2021

  Justin Grana, Jonathan Lamb, Nicholas A. O'Donoughue

  To reduce cost of conflict and increase effectiveness and robustness, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is considering a warfighting construct known as Mosaic warfare, after the analogy of creating a complex image from many small, simple pieces. For this report, researchers studied potential benefits and trade-offs of Mosaic warfare using a competitive resource allocation problem known as a Colonel Blotto game.

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  Modeling Rapidly Composable, Heterogeneous, and Fractionated Forces: Findings on Mosaic Warfare from an Agent-Based Model 2021

  Timothy R. Gulden, Jonathan Lamb, Jeff Hagen, Nicholas A. O'Donoughue

  Mosaic warfare is named for the idea of creating a complex image from small pieces. This report studies Mosaic warfare and explores three dimensions of variability: (1) fractionation of capabilities from large multicapability platforms onto multiple smaller ones; (2) employment of heterogenous mixes of capabilities throughout a battlespace; and (3) rapid composition of a set of needed capabilities in a time and place to accomplish a mission.

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  Clinical Interventions for Adults with Comorbid Alcohol Use and Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis 2020

  Sean Grant, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Eugeniu Han, Marika Booth, Aneesa Motala, Jody Larkin, Susanne Hempel

  The authors synthesize evidence on the effects and compare the effectiveness of clinical interventions for improving symptoms of adults with co-occurring alcohol use and depressive disorders. The review aims to support clinical decisionmaking regarding which interventions to use with patients dually diagnosed with co-occurring alcohol use and depressive disorders.

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  An Experiment in Tactical Wargaming with Platforms Enabled by Artificial Intelligence 2020

  Danielle C. Tarraf, J. Michael Gilmore, D. Sean Barnett, Scott Boston, David R. Frelinger, Daniel Gonzales, Alexander C. Hou, Peter Whitehead

  RAND researchers explored the capabilities and limitations of future weapon systems incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) through two wargame experiments. Such games, which bring together operators and engineers, could be used by the requirements and acquisition communities to develop realizable requirements and engineering specifications for AI/ML systems.

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  The Composition and Employment of Software Personnel in the U.S. Department of Defense: An Initial Analysis 2020

  Bonnie L. Triezenberg, Jason M. Ward, Jonathan Cham, Devon Hill, Sean Robson, Jeff Fourman

  Attempts by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to address persistent challenges with software development have been hampered by an inability to identify the many software professionals working within DoD's programs. In this report, the authors identify and characterize a subset of DoD's software workforce, the types of software developed within DoD, and the variety of methods DoD programs use when employing that workforce to develop software.

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  Mitigating the Effects of Blast-Related Burn Injuries from Prolonged Field Care to Rehabilitation and Resilience: Proceedings and Expert Findings from a U.S. Department of Defense International State-of-the-Science Meeting 2020

  Emily Hoch, Samantha McBirney, Charles C. Engel, Tepring Piquado

  Burn injuries caused by improvised explosive devices accounted for most burns suffered by service members in the recent conflict in Afghanistan. Blast-related burns, which are at elevated risk of infection and other potentially deadly complications, present unique treatment challenges, especially when immediate evacuation is impossible. These conference proceedings describe a meeting at RAND to identify knowledge gaps in blast-injury research.

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  Allies Growing Closer: Japan–Europe Security Ties in the Age of Strategic Competition 2020

  Jeffrey W. Hornung

  Some of the United States' most powerful and trustworthy allies are its European partners and Japan. This report presents the results of a RAND Corporation study examining how Japan, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and three European states — the United Kingdom, France, and Germany — are increasingly cooperating in the security domain amid growing strategic competition. The author provides recommendations for fostering partner efforts.

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  Setting the Level and Annual Adjustment of Military Pay 2020

  Beth J. Asch, Michael G. Mattock, Troy D. Smith, Jason M. Ward

  In support of the Thirteenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation, the authors of this report provide input on setting the level of military pay and the annual adjustment to military pay. They conclude that the U.S. Department of Defense should raise the benchmark it uses to set military pay and change the way it calculates the annual increase in military basic pay.

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  Analysis of a Time-in-Grade Pay Table for Military Personnel and Policy Alternatives 2020

  Beth J. Asch, Michael G. Mattock, Patricia K. Tong

  In support of the Thirteenth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation, the authors of this report assess the advantages and drawbacks of a using a table based on time in grade, rather than time in service, to set military pay, and whether the benefits of a time-in-grade pay table could be achieved by using alternative policies under the current time-in-service pay table.

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  Command and Control in U.S. Naval Competition with China 2020

  Kimberly Jackson, Andrew Scobell, Stephen Webber, Logan Ma

  The authors explore how command and control (C2) is exercised in the U.S. Navy and China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy, how service culture affects C2 concepts, and how these C2 constructs might support or challenge each nation's shift to new maritime missions. The report characterizes common themes and identifies outstanding questions about the ways that cultural and organizational factors influence China's defense choices more broadly.

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  Characteristics and Duty Limitations of Service Members Transferring Between the Active and Reserve Components 2020

  Heather Krull, Christina Panis, Katherine Anania, Philip Armour

  The authors describe policy requirements for transfers from the active component (AC) to the reserve component (RC). They analyze the characteristics and duty limitations observed among AC to RC transfers and examine the service member's time in the AC for information related to the RC medical condition. Finally, they make recommendations to reduce the number of personnel who transfer with medical conditions that limit deployability.

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  Japan's Potential Contributions in an East China Sea Contingency 2020

  Jeffrey W. Hornung

  In the Indo-Pacific region, the alliance the United States has with Japan is arguably its most important. If a high-end contingency erupts in the East China Sea and the United States becomes engaged in major conventional combat operations with China, what roles can and might Japan play? This report assesses the strengths and limitations of Japan's Self-Defense Forces (SDF), as well as restrictions on SDF use of force ingrained in Japanese law.

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  Benchmarks for Success: Expected Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of National Guard Youth ChalleNGe Participants 2020

  Kathryn A. Edwards

  The National Guard Youth ChalleNGe program is a residential, quasi-military program for youths ages 16 to 18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. This research provides ChalleNGe sites with a set of population benchmarks of individual outcomes with which to compare their cadets. The author develops these benchmarks using data from large public datasets.

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