Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Avoid, Deny, Defend," webpage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.avoiddenydefend.org/
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Civilian Response to Active Shooter Events (CRASE) Train the Trainer Course," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/CivilianResponse
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, homepage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Reading: ALERRT Books and Journal Articles," webpage, undated d. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/reading
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "SORD: Solo Officer Rapid Deployment," webpage, undated e. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/course_types/SORD
ALERRT—See Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training.
Blair, J. Pete, and M. Hunter Martaindale, "Throwing a Chair Could Save Officers' Lives During Room Entries," International Journal of Police Science & Management, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2017, pp. 110–119.
Blair, J. P., M. H. Martaindale, and W. L. Sandel, "Peek or Push: An Examination of Two Types of Room Clearing Tactics for Active Shooter Event Response," SAGE Open, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019.
Blair, J. Pete, Joycelyn Pollock, Don Montague, Terry Nichols, John Curnutt, and David Burns, "Reasonableness and Reaction Time," Police Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2011, pp. 323–343.
Blair, J. Pete, William L. Sandel, and M. Hunter Martaindale, "Correlates of the Number Shot and Killed in Active Shooter Events," Homicide Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2020, pp. 335–360.
Blair, J. Pete, and Katherine W. Schweit, A Study of Active Shooter Incidents, 2000–2013, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2014.
CDC—See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) School Assessment (CSA), Atlanta, Ga.: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2017.
Committee for Tactical Emergency Casualty Care, homepage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.c-tecc.org/
Committee for Tactical Emergency Casualty Care, "Our Work: Guidance," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.c-tecc.org/our-work/guidance
Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, "Active Shooter Preparedness," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.cisa.gov/active-shooter-preparedness
Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, Mitigating Attacks on Houses of Worship: Security Guide, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, December 2020.
DHS—See U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Center for Domestic Preparedness," webpage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://cdp.dhs.gov/
Federal Emergency Management Agency, "ICS Resource Center," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/trainingmaterials/
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, "IS-907: Active Shooter: What You Can Do," training course, webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-907
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, homepage, updated December 16, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-100.c
FEMA—See Federal Emergency Management Agency.
FEMA EMI—See Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute.
Healthcare and Public Health Sector Coordinating Council, Active Shooter Planning and Response, 2017.
HHS ASPR TRACIE—See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange.
InterAgency Board, Improving Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response: Best Practices and Recommendations for Integrating Law Enforcement, Fire, and EMS, Arlington, Va., September 2015.
Lankford, Adam, and James Silver, "Why Have Public Mass Shootings Become More Deadly? Assessing How Perpetrators' Motives and Methods Have Changed Over Time," Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2020, pp. 37–60.
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, 1 October After-Action Review, Las Vegas, Nev., 2019.
Leonard, Herman B. "Dutch," Christine M. Cole, Arnold M. Howitt, and Philip B. Heymann, Why Was Boston Strong? Lessons from the Boston Marathon Bombing, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Kennedy School, Program on Crisis Leadership, April 2014.
Martaindale, M. Hunter, and J. Pete Blair, "The Evolution of Active Shooter Response Training Protocols Since Columbine: Lessons from the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2019, pp. 342–356.
Martaindale, M. Hunter, William L. Sandel, and J. Pete Blair, "Active-Shooter Events in the Workplace: Findings and Policy Implications," Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2017, pp. 6–20.
National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, "Tactical Emergency Casualty Care," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: http://www.naemt.org/education/tecc
National Fire Protection Association, "Codes and Standards: NFPA 3000—Standard for an Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response (ASHER) Program," 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=3000
NFPA—See National Fire Protection Association.
PERF—See Police Executive Research Forum.
Police Executive Research Forum, "Active Shooter Event," Critical Response Toolkit scenario, undated a.
Police Executive Research Forum, "Critical Response Toolkit for First-Line Supervisors," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.policeforum.org/critical-response-toolkit-for-first-line-supervisors
Police Executive Research Forum, "Critical Response Toolkit: Part 1," webpage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.policeforum.org/before-a-critical-incident
Ready.gov, "Incident Management," webpage, updated May 26, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.ready.gov/incident-management
Ready Houston, "Run. Hide. Fight—Surviving an Active Shooter Event," YouTube video, July 23, 2012. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VcSwejU2D0
Sandel, William L., M. Hunter Martaindale, and J. Pete Blair, "A Scientific Examination of the 21-Foot Rule," Police Practice and Research, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2021, pp. 1314–1329.
Stop the Bleed, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.stopthebleed.org/
Straub, Frank, Jack Cambria, Jane Castor, Ben Gorban, Brett Meade, David Waltemeyer, and Jennifer Zeunik, Rescue, Response, and Resilience: A Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Public Safety Response to the Attack on the Pulse Nightclub, Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and Police Foundation, 2017.
TriData Division, System Planning Corporation, Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel, Arlington, Va., November 2009.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange, Mass Casualty Trauma Triage: Paradigms and Pitfalls, Washington, D.C., July 2019.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Active Shooter: How to Respond, Washington, D.C., October 2008a.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National Incident Management System, Washington, D.C., December 2008b.
U.S. Secret Service, "National Threat Assessment Center," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ntac
