References

  • Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Avoid, Deny, Defend," webpage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.avoiddenydefend.org/
  • Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Civilian Response to Active Shooter Events (CRASE) Train the Trainer Course," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/CivilianResponse
  • Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, homepage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/
  • Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Reading: ALERRT Books and Journal Articles," webpage, undated d. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/reading
  • Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "SORD: Solo Officer Rapid Deployment," webpage, undated e. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/course_types/SORD
  • ALERRT—See Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training.
  • Blair, J. Pete, and M. Hunter Martaindale, "Throwing a Chair Could Save Officers' Lives During Room Entries," International Journal of Police Science & Management, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2017, pp. 110–119.
  • Blair, J. P., M. H. Martaindale, and W. L. Sandel, "Peek or Push: An Examination of Two Types of Room Clearing Tactics for Active Shooter Event Response," SAGE Open, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019.
  • Blair, J. Pete, Joycelyn Pollock, Don Montague, Terry Nichols, John Curnutt, and David Burns, "Reasonableness and Reaction Time," Police Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2011, pp. 323–343.
  • Blair, J. Pete, William L. Sandel, and M. Hunter Martaindale, "Correlates of the Number Shot and Killed in Active Shooter Events," Homicide Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2020, pp. 335–360.
  • Blair, J. Pete, and Katherine W. Schweit, A Study of Active Shooter Incidents, 2000–2013, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2014.
  • CDC—See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) School Assessment (CSA), Atlanta, Ga.: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2017.
  • CISA—See Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency.
  • Committee for Tactical Emergency Casualty Care, homepage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.c-tecc.org/
  • Committee for Tactical Emergency Casualty Care, "Our Work: Guidance," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.c-tecc.org/our-work/guidance
  • Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, "Active Shooter Preparedness," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.cisa.gov/active-shooter-preparedness
  • Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, Mitigating Attacks on Houses of Worship: Security Guide, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, December 2020.
  • DHS—See U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency, "Center for Domestic Preparedness," webpage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://cdp.dhs.gov/
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency, "ICS Resource Center," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/emiweb/is/icsresource/trainingmaterials/
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, "IS-907: Active Shooter: What You Can Do," training course, webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-907
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute, homepage, updated December 16, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-100.c
  • FEMA—See Federal Emergency Management Agency.
  • FEMA EMI—See Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emergency Management Institute.
  • Healthcare and Public Health Sector Coordinating Council, Active Shooter Planning and Response, 2017.
  • HHS ASPR TRACIE—See U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange.
  • InterAgency Board, Improving Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response: Best Practices and Recommendations for Integrating Law Enforcement, Fire, and EMS, Arlington, Va., September 2015.
  • Lankford, Adam, and James Silver, "Why Have Public Mass Shootings Become More Deadly? Assessing How Perpetrators' Motives and Methods Have Changed Over Time," Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2020, pp. 37–60.
  • Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, 1 October After-Action Review, Las Vegas, Nev., 2019.
  • Leonard, Herman B. "Dutch," Christine M. Cole, Arnold M. Howitt, and Philip B. Heymann, Why Was Boston Strong? Lessons from the Boston Marathon Bombing, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Kennedy School, Program on Crisis Leadership, April 2014.
  • Martaindale, M. Hunter, and J. Pete Blair, "The Evolution of Active Shooter Response Training Protocols Since Columbine: Lessons from the Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2019, pp. 342–356.
  • Martaindale, M. Hunter, William L. Sandel, and J. Pete Blair, "Active-Shooter Events in the Workplace: Findings and Policy Implications," Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2017, pp. 6–20.
  • National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, "Tactical Emergency Casualty Care," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: http://www.naemt.org/education/tecc
  • National Fire Protection Association, "Codes and Standards: NFPA 3000—Standard for an Active Shooter/Hostile Event Response (ASHER) Program," 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=3000
  • NFPA—See National Fire Protection Association.
  • PERF—See Police Executive Research Forum.
  • Police Executive Research Forum, "Active Shooter Event," Critical Response Toolkit scenario, undated a.
  • Police Executive Research Forum, "Critical Response Toolkit for First-Line Supervisors," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.policeforum.org/critical-response-toolkit-for-first-line-supervisors
  • Police Executive Research Forum, "Critical Response Toolkit: Part 1," webpage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.policeforum.org/before-a-critical-incident
  • Ready.gov, "Incident Management," webpage, updated May 26, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.ready.gov/incident-management
  • Ready Houston, "Run. Hide. Fight—Surviving an Active Shooter Event," YouTube video, July 23, 2012. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VcSwejU2D0
  • Sandel, William L., M. Hunter Martaindale, and J. Pete Blair, "A Scientific Examination of the 21-Foot Rule," Police Practice and Research, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2021, pp. 1314–1329.
  • Stop the Bleed, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.stopthebleed.org/
  • Straub, Frank, Jack Cambria, Jane Castor, Ben Gorban, Brett Meade, David Waltemeyer, and Jennifer Zeunik, Rescue, Response, and Resilience: A Critical Incident Review of the Orlando Public Safety Response to the Attack on the Pulse Nightclub, Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services and Police Foundation, 2017.
  • TriData Division, System Planning Corporation, Mass Shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the Report of the Review Panel, Arlington, Va., November 2009.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange, Mass Casualty Trauma Triage: Paradigms and Pitfalls, Washington, D.C., July 2019.
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Active Shooter: How to Respond, Washington, D.C., October 2008a.
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National Incident Management System, Washington, D.C., December 2008b.
  • U.S. Secret Service, "National Threat Assessment Center," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ntac