Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, "Don't Name Them," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://wwwdontnamethem.org/
Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://alerrt.org/
Albrecht, Steve, "Threat Assessment Teams: Workplace and Violence Prevention," February 1, 2010. As of January 4, 2022: https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/threat-assessment-teams-workplace-and-school-violence-prevention
Albuquerque Police Department, "Crisis Intervention Section (CIS) and Program," Standard Operating Procedure section 1-37, February 23, 2021.
ALERRT—See Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training.
Allison, Jeff, Targeted Violence Averted: College and University Case Studies, Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2020.
Amman, Molly, Matthew Bowlin, Lesley Buckles, Kevin C. Burton, Kimberly F. Brunell, Karie A. Gibson, Sarah H. Griffin, Kirk Kennedy, and Cari J. Robins, Making Prevention a Reality: Identifying, Assessing, and Managing the Threat of Targeted Attacks, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Behavioral Analysis Unit, November 2016.
ASIS School Safety & Security Council, Active Shooter, Alexandria, Va., 2016.
Association of Threat Assessment Professionals, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.atapworldwide.org/
Atlanta Police Department, "Policing Alternatives & Diversion Initiative," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.atlantapad.org/
ATF—See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.
Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.bbbs.org/
Blair, J. Pete, William L. Sandel, and M. Hunter Martaindale, "Correlates of the Number Shot and Killed in Active Shooter Events," Homicide Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2020, pp. 335–360.
Blazonis, Sarah, "Pasco Sheriff's Office's Behavioral Health Intervention Team Off to Busy Start," Bay News 9, November 7, 2019. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.baynews9.com/fl/tampa/news/2019/11/07/behavioral-health-intervention-team?web=1&wdLOR=cC56E48D1-19AE-F847-876C-E47729293670
Bottema, A. Johannes "Jon," Cody W. Telep, and Wendy Rountree Jackson, "Patrol Intelligence Officers: Intelligence-Led Policing in Action," Police1.com, July 12, 2021. As of January 4, 2021: https://www.police1.com/chiefs-sheriffs/articles/patrol-intelligence-officers-intelligence-led-policing-in-action-AiHb1LNpHixuktOK/
Boys and Girls Clubs of America, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.bgca.org/
Browning-Wright, Diana, "Eleven Questions to Guide Data Collection in a Threat Assessment Inquiry: DOE and United States Secret Service Threat Assessment Guide," Discipline/Behavior Trainings, 2003, pp. 2-3–2-7.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "National Integrated Ballistic Information Network," webpage, undated. As of January> 4, 2022: https://www.atf.gov/firearms/national-integrated-ballistic-information-network-nibin
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, "Gun Control Act," webpage, updated January 23, 2020. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.atf.gov/rules-and-regulations/gun-control-act
Burnette, Angela, and Julia Dempewolf, "Clarity Instead of Confusion; Available Solutions Under the HIPAA Privacy Rule and FERPA to Prevent Student Violence," Health Care Law Monthly, Vol. 2014, No.3, March 2014.
Carter, David L., Law Enforcement Intelligence: A Guide for State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement Agencies, Third Edition, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance and U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2021.
CDC—See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Center for Collaborative Research for an Equitable California, "Silicon Valley Regional Data Trust," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://ccrec.ucsc.edu/partnerships/silicon-valley-regional-data-trust
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, A Comprehensive Technical Package for the Prevention of Youth Violence and Associated Risk Factors, Atlanta, Ga.: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2016.
Clemmow, Caitlin, Sandy Schumann, Nadine L. Salman, and Paul Gill, "The Base Rate Study: Developing Base Rates for Risk Factors and Indicators for Engagement in Violent Extremism," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 65, No. 3, 2020, pp. 865–881.
Colorado School Safety Resource Center, "Anonymous Reporting: Safe2Tell," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://cssrc.colorado.gov/es/node/10028
Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, Domestic Violence Lethality Risk Assessment for First Responders, West Sacramento, Calif.: State of California Department of Justice, undated.
Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, "SB 1331: Peace Officers—Domestic Violence Training: The Assessment of Lethality or Signs of Lethal Violence in Domestic Violence Situations," bulletin, West Sacramento, Calif.: State of California Department of Justice, January 4, 2019.
Community Research Foundation, "Psychiatric Emergency Response Team," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: http://www.comresearch.org/pert.php
Cornell, Dewey, and Jennifer Maeng, Student Threat Assessment as a Safe and Supportive Prevention Strategy: Final Technical Report, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, February 2020.
Craun, Sarah W., Karie A. Gibson, Amanda G. Ford, Kristen Solik, and James Silver, "(In)action: Variation in Bystander Responses Between Persons of Concern and Active Shooters," Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, 2020, pp. 113–121.
Crenshaw, Martha, Erik Dahl, and Margaret Wilson, Comparing Failed, Foiled, Completed and Successful Terrorist Attacks: Final Report Year 5, College Park, Md.: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, December 2017.
Crisis Intervention Team International, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://citinternational.org/
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, "Employee Vigilance: Power of Hello," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.cisa.gov/employee-vigilance-power-hello
Dahl, Erik J., "The Plots That Failed: Intelligence Lessons Learned from Unsuccessful Terrorist Attacks Against the United States," Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 34, No. 8, 2011, pp. 621–648.
DHS—See U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Dienst, Jonathan, "An Exclusive Look at NYPD Operation Sentry," NBC New York, February 7, 2020. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nbcnewyork.com/on-air/as-seen-on/an-exclusive-look-at-nypd-operation-sentry/2281400/
Difo, Germain, Ordinary Measures, Extraordinary Results: An Assessment of Foiled Plots Since 9/11, Washington, D.C.: American Security Project, May 2010.
DOJ and DHS—See U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
Duwe, Grant, "Patterns and Prevalence of Lethal Mass Violence," Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2020, pp. 17–35.
Dwyer, K., D. Oster, and C. Warger, Early Warning, Timely Response: A Guide to Safe Schools, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, August 1998.
Facebook, "Law Enforcement Online Requests," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.facebook.com/records/login/
FBI—See Federal Bureau of Investigation.
FBI BAU—See Federal Bureau of Investigation, Behavioral Analysis Unit.
FBI and DHS—See Federal Bureau of Investigation and U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
FDLE—See Florida Department of Law Enforcement.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Active Shooter Resources," webpage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/about/partnerships/office-of-partner-engagement/active-shooter-resources
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "eGuardian," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/resources/law-enforcement/eguardian
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Electronic Tip Form," webpage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://tips.fbi.gov/
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Field Offices," webpage, undated d. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "InfraGard," webpage, undated e. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.infragard.org/
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Law Enforcement Enterprise Portal (LEEP)," webpage, undated f. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/leep
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "National Crime Information Center (NCIC)," webpage, undated g. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ncic
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "National Data Exchange (N-Dex) System," webpage, undated h. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Active Shooter Incidents: 20-Year Review, 2000–2019, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, May 2021.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Behavioral Analysis Unit, Lone Offender: A Study of Lone Offender Terrorism in the United States, 1975–2015, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, November 2019.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Terrorism Threat Center, and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Homegrown Violent Extremist Mobilization Indicators, Washington, D.C., 2019.
Federal Bureau of Investigation and U.S. Department of Education, "Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act: A Guide for First Responders and Law Enforcement," fact sheet, undated.
Federal Bureau of Investigation and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Strategic Intelligence Assessment and Data on Domestic Terrorism, Washington, D.C., May 2021.
Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy Associates, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fbinaa.org/
Federal Communications Commission, Fact Sheet: 988 and Suicide Prevention Hotline, 2019.
Florida Department of Education, "Office of Safe Schools," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.fldoe.org/safe-schools/
Florida Department of Education, Threat Assessment and Response Protocol: Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines, Tallahassee, Fla., July 2021.
Florida Department of Education, Office of Safe Schools, Model Behavioral Threat Assessment Policies and Best Practices for K–12 Schools, Tallahassee, Fla., May 2020.
Florida Department of Law Enforcement, Florida's Strategy for Targeted Violence Prevention: Behavioral Threat Assessment and Management—Intervention and Prevention, Tallahassee, Fla., undated.
Florida Senate Bill 7026, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act, March 9, 2018.
FortifyFL, "Suspicious Activity Reporting App," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://getfortifyfl.com/
Geller, Lisa B., Marisa Booty, and Cassandra K. Crifasi, "The Role of Domestic Violence in Fatal Mass Shootings in the United States, 2014–2019," Injury Epidemiology, Vol. 8, No. 38, 2021.
Gibson, Karie A., Sarah W. Craun, Amanda G. Ford, Kristen Solik, and James Silver, "Possible Attackers? A Comparison Between the Behaviors and Stressors of Persons of Concern and Active Shooters," Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, Vol. 7, No. 1-2, 2020, pp. 1–12.
Healthcare and Public Health Sector Coordinating Council, Active Shooter Planning and Response, 2017.
Houston Police Department, "Mental Health Division," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.houstoncit.org/
Houston Police Department, Responding to the Mentally Ill: A Guide for Texas Peace Officers, Houston, Tex., May 2018.
International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.ialeia.org/
Jackson, Brian A., Ashley L. Rhoades, Jordan R. Reimer, Natasha Lander, Katherine Costello, and Sina Beaghley, Practical Terrorism Prevention: Reexamining U.S. National Approaches to Addressing the Threat of Ideologically Motivated Violence, Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center operated by the RAND Corporation, RR-2647-DHS, 2019. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2647.html
Joint Regional Intelligence Center, "What Is a TLO?" webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://tlo.org/what-is-a-tlo/
JRIC—See Joint Regional Intelligence Center.
Klein, Brent R., Jeff Gruenewald, Steven M. Chermak, and Joshua D. Freilich, "A Mixed Method Examination of Law Enforcement Investigatory Strategies Used in Jihadi and Far-Right Foiled Terrorist Plots Before and After 9/11," Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2019.
Knoll, James L. IV, and J. Reid Meloy, "Mass Murder and the Violent Paranoid Spectrum," Psychiatric Annals, Vol. 44, No. 5, 2014, pp. 236–243.
LA Clear—See Los Angeles Regional Criminal Information Clearinghouse.
LAPD—See Los Angeles Police Department.
Langman, Peter, "Desperate Identities: A Bio-Psycho-Social Analysis of Perpetrators of Mass Violence," Criminology and Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2020, pp. 61–84.
Langman, Peter, and Frank Straub, A Comparison of Averted and Completed School Attacks from the Police Foundation Averted School Violence Database, Washington. D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2019.
Lankford, Adam, and James Silver, "Why Have Public Mass Shootings Become More Deadly? Assessing How Perpetrators' Motives and Methods Have Changed Over Time," Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2020, pp. 37–60.
Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, 1 October After-Action Report, Las Vegas, Nev., 2019.
Lloyd, Monica, Extremism Risk Assessment: A Directory, Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats, United Kingdom, March 2019.
Lopez, Lolita, and Philip Drechsler, "LAPD Program Prevents Acts of Terrorism," NBC Los Angeles, October 13, 2017. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/lapd-pathe-program-alternatives-preventing-terrorism/25500/
Los Angeles Police Department, Community Mental Health Resource Guide, booklet, 2018.
Los Angeles Police Department, Mental Evaluation Unit, 911 Checklist, fact sheet, 2015.
Los Angeles Regional Criminal Information Clearinghouse, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://laclear.org/
Loudoun County Virginia Sheriff's Office, "School Resource Officers," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.loudoun.gov/4719/School-Resource-Officers
Major Cities Chiefs Association, Critical Issues for Intelligence Commanders: Preventing Terrorism and Targeted Violence and Maintaining Access to Digital Evidence, Salt Lake City, Utah, 2018.
Maryland Network Against Domestic Violence, Domestic Violence Lethality Screen for First Responders, August 2005.
McCain Institute, Interventions to Prevent Targeted Violence and Terrorism: A Practice Guide for the US Prevention Practitioners Network, Washington, D.C., October 2021.
Mulligan, Stephen P., and Chris D. Linebaugh, Data Protection Law: An Overview, Washington, D.C., R45631, March 25, 2019.
NAMI—See National Alliance on Mental Illness.
National Alliance on Mental Illness, "Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Programs," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://nami.org/Advocacy/Crisis-Intervention/Crisis-Intervention-Team-(CIT)-Programs
National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment, homepage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nabita.org/
National Association for Behavioral Intervention and Threat Assessment, "The SIVRA-35 Supplemental Question Sheet," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: http://nabita.moatusers.com/SIVRA35
National Association of Police Athletic/Activities Leagues, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nationalpal.org/
National Association of School Resource Officers, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nasro.org/
National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Laws Related to Digital Privacy," webpage, July 22, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.ncsl.org/research/telecommunications-and-information-technology/state-laws-related-to-internet-privacy.aspx
National Council of ISACs, "Member ISACs," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.nationalisacs.org/member-isacs-3
National Cybercrime Investigators Program, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.ncip.tech/
National Domestic Communications Assistance Center, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://ndcac.fbi.gov/
National Fusion Center Association, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://nfcausa.org/
National Threat Assessment Center, Attacks on Federal Government 2001–2013: Threat Assessment Considerations, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, December 2015.
National Threat Assessment Center, Enhancing School Safety Assessment Model: An Operational Guide for Preventing Targeted School Violence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, July 2018.
National Threat Assessment Center, Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2018, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, July 2019a.
National Threat Assessment Center, Protecting America's Schools: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Targeted School Violence, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, November 2019b.
National Threat Assessment Center, Mass Attacks in Public Spaces: 2019, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Secret Service, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, August 2020.
NDCAC—See National Domestic Communications Assistance Center.
New York City Police Department, "Bureaus: Intelligence," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/investigative/intelligence.page
New York City Police Department Crime Stoppers, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://crimestoppers.nypdonline.org
NTAC—See National Threat Assessment Center.
NYPD—See New York City Police Department.
Office of Ohio Attorney General, Ohio School Threat Assessment Training: Reference Guide, Columbus, Ohio, undated.
Pennsylvania Office of the Attorney General, "Safe2Say Something," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.safe2saypa.org/
Planty, Michael, Duren Banks, Christine Lindquist, Joel Cartwright, and Amanda Witwer, Tip Lines for School Safety: A National Portrait of Tip Line Use, Washington, D.C.: RTI International, February 2020.
RCFL—See Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory.
Ready Houston, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://ready.houstontx.gov/videos.html#mtc
Regional Computer Forensics Laboratory, homepage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.rcfl.gov/
Regional Information Sharing Systems, homepage, undated a. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.riss.net
Regional Information Sharing Systems, "RISSafe," webpage, undated b. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.riss.net/rissafe/
Regional Information Sharing Systems, "RISSIntel," webpage, undated c. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.riss.net/RISSIntel/
RISS—See Regional Information Sharing Systems.
Royal Commission of Inquiry, Report: Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Terrorist Attack on Christchurch Masjidan on 15 March 2019, New Zealand, December 21, 2020.
SafeUT, webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://safeut.med.utah.edu/
SAMHSA—See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
School Safety Working Group, Ten Essential Actions to Improve School Safety: School Safety Working Group Report to the Attorney General, Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2020.
SEARCH, "ISP List," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.search.org/resources/isp-list/
Silva, Jason R., "A Comparative Analysis of Foiled and Completed Mass Shootings," American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2021, pp. 187–208.
Silver, James, Andre Simons, and Sarah Craun, A Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States Between 2000 and 2013, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, June 2018.
Southern Poverty Law Center, Building Resilience and Confronting Risk in the COVID-19 Era: A Parents & Caregivers Guide to Online Radicalization, Montgomery, Ala., January 2021.
Strom, Kevin, John Hollywood, and Mark Pope, Terrorist Plots Against the United States: What We Have Really Faced, and How We Might Best Defend Against It, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, WR-1113-DHSST, 2016. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1113.html
Strom, Kevin, John Hollywood, Mark Pope, Garth Weintraub, Crystal Daye, and Don Gemeinhardt, Building on Clues: Methods to Help State and Local Law Enforcement Detect and Characterize Terrorist Activity—Final Report, Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Institute for Homeland Security Solutions, April 2011.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, "Addressing Risk of Violent Behavior in Youth," briefing, 2018.
Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Application for Emergency Hospitalization by a Physician or Psychologist of the Person, Officer or Agent of D.C. Department of Human Services or an Officer to Make Arrests, Form FD-12, undated.
Texas Department of Public Safety, Assessing the Mass Attacks Threat to Texas, Austin, Tex., January 2020a.
Texas Department of Public Safety, Texas Domestic Terrorism Assessment, Austin, Tex., January 2020b.
Townsend, Keeley, John P. Sullivan, Thomas Monahan, and John Donnelly, "Intelligence-Led Mitigation," Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Vol. 7, No. 63, 2010.
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, "resolve Crisis Services," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.upmc.com/Services/behavioral-health/resolve-crisis-services
U.S. Code, Title 18, Part 1, Crimes, Chapter 44, Firearms, Section 922, Unlawful Acts.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule: A Guide for Law Enforcement," fact sheet, undated.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, "If You See Something, Say Something: Partnerships and Campaign Materials," webpage, updated February 2, 2022. As of February 4, 2022: https://www.dhs.gov/see-something-say-something/campaign-materials
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, "Homeland Security Information Network," webpage, updated December 3, 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.dhs.gov/homeland-security-information-network-hsin
U.S. Department of Justice, "Reducing Gun Violence," webpage, updated June 2021. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.justice.gov/doj/reducing-gun-violence#:~:text=On%20June%207%2C%202021%2C%20the%20Department%20of%20Justice,prevent%20a%20person%20in%20crisis%20from%20accessing%20firearms.
U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Fusion Center Guidelines: Developing and Sharing Information and Intelligence in a New Era, Washington, D.C., August 2006.
U.S. Secret Service, "National Threat Assessment Center," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/ntac
U.S. Secret Service, Averting Targeted School Violence: A U.S. Secret Service Analysis of Plots Against Schools, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, March 2021.
Van Brunt, Brian, The Structured Interview for Violence Risk Assessment (SIVRA-35), Malvern, Pa.: The NCHERM Group, 2019.
The Violence Project, "The Off-Ramp Project," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://off-ramp.org/
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, "Threat Assessment in Virginia," webpage, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/virginia-center-school-and-campus-safety/threat-assessment-virginia
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Threat Assessment in Virginia Public Schools: Model Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines, 2nd ed., August 2016.
Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, Threat Assessment and Management in Virginia Schools: Model Policies, Procedures and Guidelines, 3rd ed., 2020.
Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Department, MPD Navy Yard After Action Report, July 11, 2014.
WAVR21.com, undated. As of January 4, 2022: https://www.wavr21.com/
White House, National Strategy for Countering Domestic Terrorism, Washington, D.C., June 2021.
