State-Level Changes in Energy Intensity and Their National Implications
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The National Energy Policy released by the Bush Administration in 2001 calls for continued reductions in U.S. energy intensity, typically defined as energy consumption per dollar of gross economic output. The Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy asked RAND to examine changes in energy intensity as part of a larger effort to identify state-level factors that may contribute to efficient energy use nationwide. The authors examined changes in energy intensity from 1977 through 1999 across the 48 contiguous states and in each of the states' residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation energy-consuming sectors. They identified a number of factors that may explain why some states had different patterns of energy intensity than others: energy prices; the mix of industrial and commercial activities; production capacity utilization; capital investment and new construction; population and demographics; climate; technological innovation; and the energy policies of national, state, and local governments. The results from this study suggests that opportunities may exist for the Department of Energy to increase its involvement in helping states to share information and to provide guidance on state-level actions that are effective in reducing energy intensity.
Table of Contents
Summary
Preface
All Prefatory Materials
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter Two
State-Level Trends in Energy Intensity
Chapter Three
Factors Affecting Energy Intensity
Chapter Four
Modeling Energy Intensity
Chapter Five
Impact of Factors and Common Effects on Energy Intensity
Chapter Six
Applying the Analysis Results to Examples of Energy Intensity Outcomes
Chapter Seven
Ranking the States with the Greatest Energy Intensity and Residual Effect Reductions
Chapter Eight
What Would Happen to U.S. Energy Intensity If All States Replicated the Top-Ranked or Bottomranked States?
Chapter Nine
Conclusions and Thoughts for Future Analysis
Appendix A
Data Sources
Appendix B
Regression Analysis Results
Appendix C
Methodology for Calculating the What-Ifs in Chapter 8
Appendix D
Detailed Results of Energy Intensity Analysis
Supplemental
Bibliography
The research described in this report was conducted by RAND's Science and Technology Policy Institute for the U.S. Department of Energy.
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