Costa Rica's National Decarbonization Plan sets the ambitious goal for the country to become carbon-neutral by 2050. The authors of this report applied a novel methodology for planning under deep uncertainty to evaluate whether the benefits of the plan exceed its costs. They find that under the vast majority of plausible assumptions about the future, the plan would achieve or nearly achieve its goals and do so at a net economic benefit.

Cover: The Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica's Economy
Read Online

The Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica's Economy

Informing the Implementation of Costa Rica's National Decarbonization Plan Under Uncertainty

by David G. Groves, James Syme, Edmundo Molina-Perez, Carlos Calvo Hernandez, Luis F. Víctor-Gallardo, Guido Godinez-Zamora, Jairo Quirós-Tortós, Felipe De León Denegri, Andrea Meza Murillo, Valentina Saavedra Gómez, et al.

Read Online Version

Explore the Visualization

web page

Download eBook for Free

Full Document

Does not include Appendixes.

FormatFile SizeNotes
PDF file 2.9 MB

Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience.

Beneficios y Costos de la Descarbonización de la Economía de Costa Rica: Informando la Implementación del Plan Nacional de Descarbonización Bajo Incertidumbre

Full Document Spanish Translation. Does not include Appendixes.

FormatFile SizeNotes
PDF file 2.2 MB

Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience.

Appendixes

FormatFile SizeNotes
PDF file 3.2 MB

Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience.

Beneficios y Costos de la Descarbonización de la Economía de Costa Rica: Apéndices

Appendixes Spanish Translation.

FormatFile SizeNotes
PDF file 1.6 MB

Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience.

Research Questions

  1. What are the benefits and costs of the NDP through 2050 under standard assumptions?
  2. How uncertain is the success of the NDP?
  3. Under which conditions would the NDP be successful — that is, lead to net zero emissions at a net positive benefit to Costa Rica?

Costa Rica's National Decarbonization Plan (NDP) sets the ambitious goal for the country to become carbon-neutral by 2050 and lays out a wide range of policy and institutional reforms to achieve this goal. The authors of this report developed an integrated model that estimates the benefits and costs of implementing the NDP in all major sectors, informed by consultations with numerous government agencies, industries, and nongovernmental organizations, and used it to evaluate whether the NDP makes economic sense for Costa Rica — that is, whether the benefits of the NDP exceed its costs.

The authors' analysis suggests that under the vast majority of plausible assumptions about the future, the NDP would achieve or nearly achieve its greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals and do so at a net economic benefit. Conversely, without a concerted focus and investment in decarbonization, Costa Rica's greenhouse gas emissions will increase substantially.

The findings from this study can play an important role in ensuring that the implementation of the NDP is robust — meaning that it will achieve its goals in the uncertain future. This analysis confirms which lines of action are most critical to the success of the NDP — transport and land use — and identifies some key conditions necessary to achieve close to zero net emissions at a large net economic benefit. This study also offers ideas and models that are valuable for other countries interested in decarbonization, and that can inspire development partners globally.

Key Findings

  • Under baseline assumptions, decarbonization would yield $41 billion in net benefits to Costa Rica between 2020 and 2050, using a 5 percent discount rate.
  • Under all but 22 of the more than 3,000 plausible futures considered, implementation of the decarbonization plan would lead to economic benefits that exceed the costs.
  • Currently, electricity is almost completely renewable, and with modest investments it would provide nearly emissions-free energy to support the electrification of much of Costa Rica's economy.
  • In the transport sector, significant emissions reductions are possible through electrification of transport and shifting to public transportation. The economic benefits from energy savings, fewer accidents, time saved from reduced congestion, and the reduced negative impacts of air pollution on health more than compensate for the initially higher up-front costs of switching to electric vehicles and building infrastructure for zero-emissions public transport.
  • Reducing emissions in agriculture and livestock could lead to increased productivity, and increasing carbon sequestration by forests would increase valuable ecosystem services, such as renewable forestry products, water and soil benefits, and support for tourism and cultural heritage.
  • Emissions reductions from buildings, industry, and the waste sector are also important to reach zero net emissions and together provide modest net benefits through energy cost savings, increased productivity, and the value of treating and recycling and reusing liquid and solid waste.

Recommendations

  • Costa Rica should continue implementing its NDP to both meet its international obligations to decarbonize and facilitate an economic transition that would very likely lead to large net benefits and contribute to a sustainable COVID-19 pandemic recovery.
  • As Costa Rica recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, it should focus on decarbonization investments that would reactivate the economy and provide support to the most critically affected sectors of the economy.
  • Costa Rica should monitor the costs of alternative-fuel vehicles, as well as the adoption of improved public transportation options, and make adjustments to the transport decarbonization strategies as needed to ensure net economic benefits and sufficient emissions reductions.
  • As Costa Rica continues to manage its forests for long-term sustainability, it should measure and monitor ecosystem service benefits in order to best target the NDP interventions.
  • Costa Rica should continue to develop more-detailed proposals for implementing the plan and reevaluate benefits and costs periodically to ensure the greatest net benefits, including by aligning its Nationally Determined Contribution to the NDP.
Explore the Visualization

Table of Contents

  • Chapter One

    Costa Rica's Ambitious Plan to Decarbonize by 2050

  • Chapter Two

    Approach for Analyzing the Benefits and Costs of Costa Rica's Decarbonization Plan Under Uncertainty

  • Chapter Three

    The Benefits and Costs of Costa Rica's Decarbonization Plan Under Standard Assumptions

  • Chapter Four

    How Uncertain Is the Success of Costa Rica's Decarbonization Plan?

  • Chapter Five

    Advancing Decarbonization in Costa Rica

Research conducted by

The research described in this report was prepared for the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and conducted by the Community Health and Environmental Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being.

This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to this product page is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.