This study examines the evolution of states' coverage and policies with respect to opioid agonist therapy and present an overview of the Medicaid policy environment from 2004 to 2013.

Policies Related to Opioid Agonist Therapy for Opioid Use Disorders

The Evolution of State Policies from 2004 to 2013

Published in: Substance Abuse, 2015

Posted on RAND.org on November 18, 2015

by Rachel M. Burns, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Sebastian Bauhoff, Adam J. Gordon, Hollie Hendrikson, Douglas L. Leslie, Bradley D. Stein

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This article was published outside of RAND. The full text of the article can be found at the link above.

Research Question

  1. How did U.S. states' Medicaid coverage and policies pertaining to methadone and buprenorphine (also known as opioid agonist therapy) evolve from 2004 to 2013?

BACKGROUND: State Medicaid policies play an important role in Medicaid-enrollees' access to and use of opioid agonists, such as methadone and buprenorphine, in the treatment of opioid use disorders. Little information is available, however, regarding the evolution of state policies facilitating or hindering access to opioid agonists among Medicaid-enrollees. METHODS: During 2013–14, we surveyed state Medicaid officials and other designated state substance abuse treatment specialists about their state's recent history of Medicaid coverage and policies pertaining to methadone and buprenorphine. We describe the evolution of such coverage and policies and present an overview of the Medicaid policy environment with respect to opioid agonist therapy from 2004 to 2013. RESULTS: Among our sample of 45 states with information on buprenorphine and methadone coverage, we found a gradual trend toward adoption of coverage for opioid agonist therapies in state Medicaid agencies. In 2013, only 11% of states in our sample (n = 5) had Medicaid policies that excluded coverage for methadone and buprenorphine, while 71% (n = 32) had adopted or maintained policies to cover both buprenorphine and methadone among Medicaid-enrollees. We also noted an increase in policies over the time period that may have hindered access to buprenorphine and/or methadone. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be a trend for states to enact policies increasing Medicaid coverage of opioid agonist therapies, while in recent years also enacting policies, such as prior authorization requirements, that potentially serve as barriers to opioid agonist therapy utilization. Greater empirical information about the potential benefits and potential unintended consequences of such policies can provide policymakers and others with a more informed understanding of their policy decisions.

Key Findings

  • U.S. state Medicaid policies are gradually adopting coverage for buprenorphine and methadone treatments and including them on their preferred drug lists.
  • In 2013, all of the states in the sample that covered methadone as a Medicaid benefit also covered buprenorphine. However, not all states that covered buprenorphine also covered methadone treatment.
  • At the same time, states also adopted more policies related to prior authorization, copayments, and counseling requirements that may have hindered access to buprenorphine and/or methadone.
  • Medicaid policies supporting buprenorphine increased after 2007, when certain physicians could obtain permission to treat up to 100 patients with buprenorphine rather than the previous limit of 30.
Access further information on this document at Substance Abuse

This article was published outside of RAND. The full text of the article can be found at the link above.

This report is part of the RAND Corporation External publication series. Many RAND studies are published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals, as chapters in commercial books, or as documents published by other organizations.

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