Hurricanes Irma and Maria stressed and destroyed significant areas of Puerto Rico's natural resources, many of which were already strained by anthropogenic effects. This report presents information on the benefits of these resources, hurricane damage, and 25 recommended courses of action for restoring natural resources, managing solid waste, renewing parks, and improving economic opportunities.

Cover: Recovery Planning for Natural Resources and Parks in Puerto Rico
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Recovery Planning for Natural Resources and Parks in Puerto Rico

Natural and Cultural Resources Sector Report, Volume I

by Susan A. Resetar, Abbie Tingstad, Joshua Mendelsohn, Miriam E. Marlier, Beth E. Lachman, Katherine Anania, Chandra Garber, David M. Adamson

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Research Questions

  1. What were the conditions of natural resources and parks in Puerto Rico before the 2017 hurricane season?
  2. What damage did Hurricanes Irma and Maria cause?
  3. What framework could help decisionmakers understand and shape natural resource recovery?
  4. What specific courses of action could help Puerto Rico recover in a resilient manner?
  5. What are some potential funding mechanisms for these actions?
  6. What else might implementers need as they move forward?

Natural resources influence every aspect of life in Puerto Rico. Natural resources and parks are important to public health and well-being and to the economy. They are so integrated into daily life that their criticality to the functioning of society is not always apparent.

Puerto Rico's coastal resources, forests, and species are rich in biodiversity and international significance and generate economic value for tourism, agriculture, education, and the ocean economy. Ecosystem services, such as coastal protection from storms, air and water purification, stormwater control, and soil stabilization, provide substantial benefits to residents and visitors.

The hurricanes stressed and destroyed significant areas on land and at sea, many of which were already strained from human interference and weak enforcement of environmental laws. The hurricanes' full effects will not be known for years. Parks experienced substantial damage, large amounts of debris were generated, and landfills and are nearing capacity.

This report presents a socioecological system framework for recovery planning, information on observed damage, and 25 courses of action (COAs) for restoring coastal resources, forests, and species; controlling sedimentation and water quality; managing solid waste; renewing parks; and improving the economic opportunities such as alternative tourism. The COAs are grounded in known hurricane-caused damage to natural resources, landfills, and parks; informed by previous plans and natural resource management activities in Puerto Rico; and derived from accepted ecological and best management practices. These COAs focus on restoring sites that have high ecological and economic value and building networks of stakeholder and foundational capacity to create a more resilient Puerto Rico.

Key Findings

  • Although conducting comprehensive assessments was not always possible for a variety of reasons (such as the lack of sufficient prestorm baseline information and some species' life cycles being longer than the assessment period), the completed assessments provided, when combined with local expertise, a good indication of the damage. Remote sensing capabilities and information provided valuable early Puerto Rico–wide clues on the extent of hurricane damage and needs.
  • Damage to natural resources and parks was substantial in many places in Puerto Rico. For example, 11 percent of coral sites surveyed had experienced damage, some of it severe. Forests, on the other hand, experienced widespread damage. Similarly, the tremendous volume of mixed waste and debris that the storms generated only worsened landfill capacity issues.
  • Working groups of experts and stakeholders developed 25 courses of action (COAs) for restoring coastal resources, forests, and wildlife species; controlling sedimentation and water quality; managing solid waste; renewing parks; and improving economic opportunities, such as alternative tourism. These COAs are grounded in known damage resulting from the hurricanes, informed by previous planning efforts, and derived from accepted ecological science and best management practices. They include potential funding mechanisms for the recommended actions.
  • The collaboration within these working groups and the use of a structured goal-determination process was essential to timely and effective information gathering and overall recovery planning.

Recommendations

  • Consider dynamic aspects and interdependencies among natural resources, ecosystems, other recovery sectors, and society to ensure that investments effectively reap human and ecological health benefits, support economic prosperity, and achieve greater resilience to future extreme events.
  • Conduct ground surveys and more-refined analyses to inform recovery plans and monitor recovery progress, and use this new information with stakeholder input to adjust recovery activities when needed.
  • Make solid waste management investments that increase financially sustainable and compliant landfill capacity and capability to repurpose vegetative debris; they are essential for storm preparedness and the health and well-being of Puerto Rico's residents.
  • Employ strategic management approaches to natural resource recovery (e.g., adaptive land and watershed management at landscape scales for key ecosystems; conservation corridors; and indicator, umbrella, or guild species) in partnership with landowners, industry, and nongovernmental organizations.
  • Leverage recovery activities to enhance community education and engagement, which can also help ensure that community priorities and needs are addressed, including environmental justice concerns.
  • Make investments to enhance alternative-tourism opportunities. Establish innovative financing methods for reinvesting tourism and other economic activity generated by these assets into natural resource restoration, education, and management.
  • Ensure that organizational capacity is developed and that the necessary workforces are primarily locally sourced and have access to training.
  • Governance, management responsibility, compliance and enforcement accountability, and ownership are diffuse. Because of this, resilient and effective recovery requires collaboration among all stakeholders to coordinate and harmonize activities so that whole-system benefits are achieved and to share new information as recovery progresses.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter One

    Natural Resources in Puerto Rico and Their Significance

  • Chapter Two

    Principles for the Development of Strategies for the Posthurricane Recovery of Puerto Rico's Natural Resources

  • Chapter Three

    Recovery of Coastal Resources

  • Chapter Four

    Recovery of Terrestrial Resources

  • Chapter Five

    Other Natural Resource Issues

  • Chapter Six

    Recovery of Parks and Crosscutting Courses of Action

  • Chapter Seven

    Concluding Remarks and Research Needs

  • Appendix A

    Federally Listed Threatened, Endangered, and At-Risk Species in Puerto Rico

  • Appendix B

    Terrestrial Natural Resource Land Managers and Other Key Stakeholders

  • Appendix C

    Extended Descriptions of Natural and Cultural Resource Courses of Action

Research conducted by

This research was sponsored by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and conducted by the Strategy, Policy and Operations Program within Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center.

This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.