U.S. Army North led Department of Defense support to civilian disaster-response operations in the wake of hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. RAND was asked to answer a series of questions about that support, including about relationships among responding organizations and possible improvements in such things as speed of response and situational awareness.
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Research Questions
- How did the DoD response in Puerto Rico and USVI match or deviate from the NRF, doctrine, authorities, and organizational templates?
- How could DoD improve the speed of response, including early SA and understanding of the problem in a catastrophic incident?
- How could DoD better prepare to respond to incidents where the state or territory has limited capability and capacity?
- What changes to doctrine do the lessons learned from Hurricane Maria suggest are required?
- What DoD capabilities might be required for future catastrophic disasters in Puerto Rico and the USVI, or other distant, insular settings?
Hurricanes Irma and Maria in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) in September 2017 sparked a whole-of-government response involving local, state, federal, civilian, and military responders. From late September through mid-November 2017, U.S. Army North (USARNORTH) was the joint force land component commander for Department of Defense (DoD) support to civilian disaster-response operations in the wake of the two hurricanes. USARNORTH directed RAND Arroyo Center to answer a series of questions about that support, ranging from how well the DoD response fit with the National Response Framework (NRF), doctrine, authorities, and templates to relationships among responding organizations to possible improvements in such things as speed of response and situational awareness (SA). While it is reasonably unlikely that both local and state response capabilities would simultaneously be incapacitated in future such incidents, Puerto Rico and USVI would still be relatively isolated, and a complex catastrophe could again present many of the same challenges. A strategic concept for defense support of civil authorities (DSCA) needs to center on policy decisions on the number, types, and sizes of overlapping incidents that will serve as pacing functions for determining future response capabilities and who will provide them.
Key Findings
The sort of DSCA provided in 2017 will likely be needed again
- DoD support included collaboration with FEMA and the commonwealth on functions normally conducted by state and local actors, the aggressive use of authorities, and adaptation of doctrinal machinery not normally observed in DSCA responses.
- DoD can improve the speed of future responses by helping improve and harden Puerto Rico National Guard and USAR disaster-response capabilities in Puerto Rico, mobilizing key capabilities immediately prior to hurricane landfall, and improving procedures for establishing earlier SA and a common operational picture (COP).
- U.S. Northern Command should work with FEMA to develop an operational concept for how FEMA would, at the request of state and local authorities, temporarily stand in and fulfill the functions of state and local emergency management organizations that have been shattered in a future disaster.
- Doctrine for DSCA command and control (C2), early SA and development of a COP, and more robust employment of the dual-status commander and U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) in disaster responses should be reviewed and updated based on the lessons of Hurricane Maria.
- Although the burden of developing more-robust, more-resilient emergency preparedness and disaster-response capabilities will fall mainly on local and federal civilian efforts — and DoD does not normally invest in capabilities whose sole purpose is support for DSCA requirements — DoD might consider making selective, judicious, and high-leverage investments to harden and enhance Army National Guard (ARNG) and USAR capabilities for future disaster responses in distant, insular settings.
Recommendations
- Develop an operational concept and related planning for possible future cases of shattered state and local emergency preparedness and disaster-response capabilities.
- Enhance procedures and capabilities for early establishment of SA and a COP.
- Promote selective investments in Puerto Rican and USVI ARNG and USAR capabilities and training to enhance their resilience in future responses to catastrophic disasters.
- Review the adequacy of doctrine for DSCA C2, SA and development of a COP, and more robust employment of the ARNG and USAR in disaster responses.
- Review planning for potential catastrophic disasters in the State of Hawaii and U.S. Pacific territories and possessions, which are also insular and distant from the continental United States and may also be vulnerable to more-frequent and violent tropical cyclones.
- Review planning for other catastrophic incidents, events, and complex catastrophes, including major earthquakes along the San Andreas or New Madrid faults, an earthquake and tsunami in the Cascadia subduction zone, or even a nuclear attack from a nation-state actor, any of which could create governance vacuums at the local level and require a significant tailored response.
- Begin a larger conversation regarding a U.S. government–wide strategic capability-sizing construct for DSCA responses. Such a construct should clearly identify the number, types, and sizes of overlapping incidents that will be used as pacing functions for determining future response capabilities and would appear to be an essential starting point for the necessary policy and operational analyses to guide the development of whole-of-nation response capabilities.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter Two
Background on the 2017 Hurricane Season
Chapter Three
The Framework for Federal Responses
Chapter Four
Overview of the Response to Hurricane Maria
Chapter Five
DSCA Command-and-Control Arrangements: Doctrine and Practice During Hurricane Maria
Chapter Six
Mission Assignments
Chapter Seven
DSCA Training for Effective Command and Control
Chapter Eight
Public Affairs and Strategic Communication
Chapter Nine
Cross-Cutting Questions
Chapter Ten
Conclusions
Appendix A
Chronology of the 2017 Hurricane Season
Appendix B
Public Affairs and Strategic Communication Data
Research conducted by
This research was prepared for the United States Army and conducted by the Forces and Logistics Program within RAND Arroyo Center.
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