The authors document the history of the Third Offset, a U.S. strategy that focused on the potential of technology to offset Chinese and Russian military advances and that shaped the 2018 National Defense Strategy. The authors describe efforts to effect change within the U.S. Department of Defense and interview key defense leaders who did so, providing an example of how to bring about organizational change in large military institutions.

A History of the Third Offset, 2014–2018

Gian Gentile, Michael Shurkin, Alexandra T. Evans, Michelle Grisé, Mark Hvizda, Rebecca Jensen

ResearchPublished Mar 31, 2021

The Third Offset emerged at a time of transition within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). In 2014, the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq seemed to be winding down. At the same time, it had become clear to U.S. defense planners that for the previous two decades, while the U.S. military was concentrated on Afghanistan and Iraq, China and Russia had significantly increased their warfighting capabilities. The aim of the Third Offset, as envisioned by former Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert O. Work, one of its key creators and advocates, was to draw on U.S. advanced technologies to offset China's and Russia's technological advances. This report documents the history of the Third Offset from 2014 to 2018.

A key finding in this history is that the Third Offset was less a military strategy for offsetting what were perceived to be the recently acquired military advantages of China and Russia and more a mechanism for intellectual change within DoD at a time when changes in thinking about future warfare were needed. As a result, this history focuses on institutional efforts to effect change within DoD and the key defense leaders who strove to bring that change to fruition. These efforts were successful in that the 2018 National Defense Strategy (NDS) embraced many of the fundamental tenets of technological advances and organizational changes developed by the Third Offset. In that sense, this history provides an example of how to effect organizational and process changes in large military institutions like DoD.

Key Findings

The Third Offset referred loosely to a set of ideas

  • One of these ideas was the conviction that China and Russia — but especially China — were strategic competitors and needed to be treated as such.
  • The corollary to this idea was the conviction that the United States must develop a strategy to compete with China and Russia.
  • This meant, among other things, refocusing the military on the kind of military capabilities required to confront peer adversaries. In particular, there was concern with countering China's and Russia's anti-access/area denial technologies.
  • Another idea pertained to DoD's diminished role in driving innovation; the Third Offset featured a drive to find new ways to cultivate technological innovations and interact with the commercial world, including Silicon Valley.

During its brief lifespan, the Third Offset did not result in a set of capabilities that offset Chinese and Russian capabilities; however, it promoted many ideas that shaped the 2018 NDS

  • Work gave these ideas — from the return to great-power competition to the need to shake up DoD business practices — a focus and a direction that, up to that point, were lacking.
  • The Third Offset was less a military strategy for offsetting Russian and Chinese military advances and more a mechanism for intellectual change within DoD at a time when changes in thinking about future warfare were needed.
  • The history of the Third Offset showcases the importance of positive, inspired leadership in effecting organizational change.

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  • Copyright: RAND Corporation
  • Availability: Available
  • Year: 2021
  • Print Format: Paperback
  • Paperback Pages: 102
  • Paperback Price: $21.00
  • Paperback ISBN/EAN: 978-1-9774-0626-2
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA454-1
  • Document Number: RR-A454-1

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Gentile, Gian, Michael Shurkin, Alexandra T. Evans, Michelle Grisé, Mark Hvizda, and Rebecca Jensen, A History of the Third Offset, 2014–2018, RAND Corporation, RR-A454-1, 2021. As of September 23, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA454-1.html
Chicago Manual of Style
Gentile, Gian, Michael Shurkin, Alexandra T. Evans, Michelle Grisé, Mark Hvizda, and Rebecca Jensen, A History of the Third Offset, 2014–2018. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2021. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA454-1.html. Also available in print form.
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This research was sponsored by the Joint History and Research Office and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD).

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