Nidhi Kalra

Senior Information Scientist

Off Site Office

Education

Ph.D. in robotics, Carnegie Mellon University; B.S. in computer science, Cornell University

One Page Bio

Media Resources

This researcher is available for interviews.

To arrange an interview, contact the RAND Office of Media Relations at (310) 451-6913, or email media@rand.org.

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Overview

Nidhi Kalra (she/her) is a senior information scientist at the RAND Corporation. She has previously served as director of RAND's San Francisco Bay Area office and codirector of RAND's Center for Decision Making Under Uncertainty. Her research focuses climate change mitigation, adaptation, and decarbonization plannand, as well as tools and methods that help people and organizations make better decisions amid deep uncertainty.

She previously spearheaded RAND's autonomous vehicle policy work. Kalra is the lead author of the study Driving to Safety: How Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability? (2016) and coauthor of the flagship report Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (2016). She has over ten years of experience in autonomous vehicle policy and is committed to using her expertise to further evidence-based policy making. She has testified on autonomous vehicle policy at three congressional hearings.

In 2018, Kalra served as senior technology policy adviser to U.S. Senator Kamala D. Harris. In 2013, she served as a senior decision scientist in the Office of the Chief Economist of Sustainable Development at the World Bank, where she helped launch the World Bank's portfolio in robust decisionmaking.

Kalra developed educational technology tools to promote literacy among blind children in India, a project that went on to receive the Louis Braille Touch of Genius Prize for Innovation. She received her Ph.D. in robotics from Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institute.

Research Focus

Languages

Spanish; Hindi

Recent Media Appearances

Interviews: CNN International; fora.tv; KCBS-AM; KJZZ - (NPR); KNX-AM; KPCC-FM Online; KQED-FM; Marketplace Radio; NBC News Online; Newsy video news service, Scripps; NHPR/New Hampshire Public Radio Online; Radio Health Journal; Rudy Maxa’s World with The Careys; U.S. News & World Report; WUSF-TV Online

Commentary

Environmental Regulation

California's Ambitious Decarbonization Plan Hasn't Been Future-Proofed
California has an ambitious blueprint to make the state carbon-neutral by 2045. But there's been no integrated stress test of the whole plan. The state needs and deserves a future-proofed, stress-tested plan that all Californians can trust to achieve its climate goals.
Dec 15, 2022
Los Angeles Times
Prison Reform

Defund Prisons, Not Police
The United States spends billions on prisons, jails, and juvenile detention facilities. New lows in incarceration rates present a chance to shift resources away from costly correctional facilities and toward education, job training, transportation, and other community services.
Aug 9, 2021
Los Angeles Times
Autonomous Vehicles

What Autonomous Vehicles Could Mean for American Workers
Autonomous vehicles are projected to hit American roads within the next few years. They promise safer transportation, greater mobility for millions of Americans, and other benefits. But they will also have enormous impacts on the workforce.
Aug 29, 2017
The RAND Blog
Autonomous Vehicles

How California Is Trying to Keep Autonomous Vehicle Development on Track
California's Department of Motor Vehicles recently proposed new regulations governing the testing and deployment of autonomous vehicles. Will this help retain the state's status as a testing and deployment ground for the technology, and will it make California safer?
Apr 10, 2017
TechCrunch
San Francisco

Innovation in the Bay Area: Q&A with Nidhi Kalra
Nidhi Kalra discusses what Silicon Valley startups and policy researchers have in common, whether test-driving autonomous vehicles could really prove their safety, and more.
Mar 7, 2017
Autonomous Vehicles

Driving to Safety: Autonomous Vehicle Questions, Answered
A recent RAND report found that test-driving autonomous vehicles is not a feasible way to determine when they will be safe enough for consumer use. This resulted in a lot of questions.
Oct 25, 2016
Autonomous Vehicles

When Will We Know Self-Driving Cars Are Safe?
Will autonomous vehicles be safe before they are allowed on the road for consumer use? Maybe. And that might be the best that can be said.
Sep 25, 2016
Newsweek
Autonomous Vehicles

Fatal Crash Shouldn't Kill Self-Driving Cars
The first known fatality in an autonomous vehicle occurred on May 7 and raises important questions. It does not, however, mean that self-driving cars are less safe than human drivers or that development of the technology should be stopped.
Jul 16, 2016
USA Today
Autonomous Vehicles

With Driverless Cars, How Safe Is Safe Enough?
Waiting for autonomous vehicles to operate perfectly misses opportunities to save lives by keeping far-from-perfect human drivers behind the wheel.
Feb 1, 2016
USA Today
Water Resources Management

Ensuring Robust Water Management Strategies in Lima-Callão, Peru
Water resource agencies around the world are grappling with how to make smart investments to ensure long-term water reliability at a time of unprecedented water stress, growing demands, uncertain climate change, and limited budgets.
Nov 16, 2015
The World Bank Water Blog
Autonomous Vehicles

To Hit the Road, Driverless Cars Must Be Safe, Not Perfect
Once driverless cars are safer than the average human driver, they should be allowed to hit the road. Indeed, waiting for autonomous vehicles to be perfect would be its own safety concern because it would mean the needless perpetuation of the risks posed by human drivers.
Jan 29, 2015
New York Times
Making Informed Investment Decisions in an Uncertain World
Changing how we make development decisions requires a cultural shift as much as it requires an analytical shift. Methodological innovations like Robust Decision Making can help. By motivating and equipping analysts to manage uncertainty, they can shape how we think about, discuss, and make decisions.
Feb 28, 2014
The World Bank Let's Talk Development Blog

Publications

Report
Equity Metrics for Climate Adaptation in the Electricity Sector
Social equity has become a key concern among public agencies. The authors developed an illustrative set of context-specific equity metrics that Southern California Edison could build on and incorporate into its ongoing work toward climate adaptation.
Feb 17, 2022
Research Brief
Resetting Recidivism Risk Prediction
A RAND research report proposes the novel reset principle to guide more-accurate recidivism risk prediction for criminal background checks. The research also demonstrates the viability of a risk-prediction model that satisfies the reset principle.
Jan 6, 2022
Report
How Different Sampling Methods Paint Vastly Different Pictures of Recidivism, and Why It Matters for Policy
In this paper, the authors argue that the recidivism statistics cited most often in debates about the collateral consequences of conviction overrepresent the behaviors of frequent recidivists and so are not appropriate evidence in those debates.
Jan 6, 2022
Report
Providing Another Chance: Resetting Recidivism Risk in Criminal Background Checks
The authors propose the reset principle that anchors assessments of recidivism risk at the time of a background check rather than the time of conviction, as current methods derived from the criminal justice context do.
Jan 6, 2022
Tool
Water Planning for the Uncertain Future: An Interactive Guide to the Use of Methods for Decisionmaking Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Water Resources Planning
Recent climatic shifts are likely to continue to affect water resources management in significant but uncertain ways. This tool provides information about decisionmaking under deep uncertainty methods—specifically, Robust Decision Making.
Mar 8, 2021
Report
Identifying Systemic Bias in the Acquisition of Machine Learning Decision Aids for Law Enforcement Applications
This Perspective describes ways the U.S. Department of Homeland Security can identify and address bias in law enforcement systems that use machine learning and how to prevent such bias at various points in the process of acquiring such systems.
Jan 21, 2021
Journal Article
A Policy Review of Employers' Open Access to Conviction Records
In this review, we find that (a) US employers' use of conviction information is not clearly aligned with the risk of future criminal behavior or employer costs, and (b) using such information leads to hiring errors that pose costs to society.
2021
Report
Decoding Data Science: The U.S. Coast Guard's Evolving Needs and Their Implications
This Perspective outlines the role that data science can play in decisionmaking processes and provides a selected set of key questions and sensitivities for the U.S. Coast Guard to consider in developing its future usage of this expanding field.
Jun 24, 2020
Report
Air Force Capability Development Planning: Analytical Methods to Support Investment Decisions
RAND Project AIR FORCE examines analytical methods for Air Force capability development planning under conditions of deep uncertainty.
Dec 11, 2019
Report
Decision Support Tool for the San Francisco Bay-Delta Levees Investment Strategy: Documentation and Use
This report describes the decision support tool and underlying methodology used to support the development of a levee investment strategy for the California Delta Stewardship Council.
Mar 7, 2019
Report
Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework
This report presents a framework for measuring safety in automated vehicles (AVs): how to define safety for AVs, how to measure safety for AVs, and how to communicate what is learned or understood about AVs.
Oct 11, 2018
Report
Rethinking Insurance and Liability in the Transformative Age of Autonomous Vehicles
The "Rethinking Insurance and Liability in the Transformative Age of Autonomous Vehicles" workshop examined the implications of autonomous vehicle technology for insurance and liability regimes. This publication summarizes key issues from the event.
Jun 8, 2018
Tool
Enemy of Good: Autonomous Vehicle Safety Scenario Explorer
How safe should highly automated vehicles (HAVs) be before they are allowed on the roads for consumer use? This tool lets users develop their own future scenarios and estimates the resulting fatalities against a future without AVs.
Nov 7, 2017
Report
The Enemy of Good: Estimating the Cost of Waiting for Nearly Perfect Automated Vehicles
RAND researchers use a model to explore how safe highly automated vehicles should be before they are allowed on the roads for consumer use.
Nov 7, 2017
Report
RAND Model of Automated Vehicle Safety (MAVS): Model Documentation
This report describes a simple model of how factors shaping the diffusion and performance of highly automated vehicles may interact and result in different safety outcomes over time.
Nov 7, 2017
Report
Autonomous Vehicles and Federal Safety Standards: An Exemption to the Rule?
In this Perspective, we examine changes being considered to the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard exemption process that are aimed at facilitating deployment of autonomous vehicles.
Sep 18, 2017
Journal Article
Advancing Automated and Connected Vehicles: Policy and Planning Strategies for State and Local Transportation Agencies
This report assesses policy and planning strategies at the state, regional, and local levels that could influence private-sector AV and CV choices to positively affect societal goals.
Sep 14, 2017
Report
Process and Outcome Evaluation of the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program
Presents the results of a process and outcome evaluation of the California Energy Commission's Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program, relying on quantitative and qualitative methods.
Sep 6, 2017
Testimony
Challenges and Approaches to Realizing Autonomous Vehicle Safety and Mobility Benefits
Testimony presented to the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies on May 18, 2017.
May 18, 2017
Report
Digital Resources for STEM Educators and Recommendations for Cyberlearning Initiatives: Results from the National Science Foundation Digital Library/Distributed Learning Program Evaluation
This evaluation of the National Science Digital Library/Distributed Learning (NSDL) program assessed the sustainability of NSDL resources, tools, and services over time and across the changing technology landscape.
Apr 27, 2017
Report
Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Implementation Plan and Recommendations for Improvement
RAND evaluated potential effects of uncertain projections of demand and climate change on the ability of the Jinan Municipal Water Resources Bureau to meet its long-term water resources goals for Shandong Province's capital city.
Mar 9, 2017
Testimony
Challenges and Approaches to Realizing Autonomous Vehicle Safety
Testimony presented to the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection on February 14, 2017.
Feb 14, 2017
Infographic
Next Stop, Neptune? Why We Can't Rely on Test-Driving Alone to Assess the Safety of Autonomous Vehicles
Fully autonomous vehicles would have to be test-driven hundreds of millions of miles to evaluate their safety and reliability -- an impossible proposition if the aim is to demonstrate their performance prior to widespread consumer use.
Jan 9, 2017
Testimony
Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: How Policymakers Can Promote Safety, Mobility, and Efficiency in an Uncertain World
Testimony presented before the Senate Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and UrbanDevelopment, and Related Agencies on November 16, 2016.
Nov 16, 2016
Report
Driving to Safety: How Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability?
How safe are autonomous vehicles? The answer is crucial for developing sound policies to govern their deployment. This report evaluates whether it is practical to test-drive autonomous vehicles to assess their safety.
Apr 12, 2016
Report
Water Management, Partnerships, Rights, and Market Trends: An Overview for Army Installation Managers
This report assesses water management, partnerships, rights, and market trends and opportunities, and how Army installations can potentially use them to improve programs and investments in water and wastewater systems.
Apr 5, 2016
Report
Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers
Autonomous vehicle technology has the potential to significantly improve social welfare. This report addresses the numerous legislative, regulatory, and liability issues this technology will raise.
Mar 22, 2016
Journal Article
Robust Decision-Making in the Water Sector: A Strategy for Implementing Lima's Long-Term Water Resources Master Plan
This study helped SEDAPAL, the water utility serving Lima, Peru, answer the question of long-term water reliability by drawing on state of the art methods for decision making under deep uncertainty.
Nov 11, 2015
Report
Developing Robust Strategies for Climate Change and Other Risks: A Water Utility Framework
RAND researchers and collaborators present a comprehensive approach for water utilities to assess climate risks to their systems and evaluate adaptation strategies.
Jan 28, 2015
Research Brief
Autonomous Vehicle Technology: How to Best Realize Its Social Benefits
RAND researchers examined the technological advances in the field of autonomous vehicles, the benefits and risks of this technology, and the potential effects of various regulations and absence of same on the development of this technology.
Jan 6, 2014
Report
Key Trends That Will Shape Army Installations of Tomorrow
Assesses how future trends external to Army installations may affect the Army's ability to provide quality installation services and infrastructure.
Jun 6, 2013
Journal Article
Ensuring Robust Flood Risk Management in Ho Chi Minh City
This study demonstrates how robust decision making can help Ho Chi Minh City develop integrated flood risk management strategies.
May 1, 2013
Research Brief
Making Good Decisions Without Predictions: Robust Decision Making for Planning Under Deep Uncertainty
Quantitative analysis is often indispensable to sound planning. But with deep uncertainty, predictions can lead decisionmakers astray. Robust Decision Making supports good decisions without predictions by testing plans against many futures.
Feb 28, 2013
Journal Article
Expediting Future Technologies for Enhancing Transportation System Performance
STREAM is a process that transportation agencies can use to identify, assess, shape, and adopt new and emerging technologies to help achieve long-term system performance objectives.
2013
Report
Recommended Research Priorities for the Qatar Foundation's Environment and Energy Research Institute
The Qatar Foundation is establishing a national research institute to conduct energy, environment, and water research. This book recommends research priorities for the institute and reports on a survey of related research institutions in the region.
Sep 22, 2011
Report
Steps Toward a Formative Evaluation of NSDL
This report provides a preliminary assessment of the National Science Digital Library/Distributed Learning program and makes recommendations for the design of a more complete formative evaluation.
Aug 18, 2011
Report
A Big Apple for Educators: New York City's Experiment with Schoolwide Performance Bonuses: Final Evaluation Report
New York's Schoolwide Performance Bonus Program, whose broad objective was to improve student performance through school-based financial incentives, did not in fact do so, perhaps because it did not motivate change in educator behavior.
Jul 18, 2011
Research Brief
What New York City's Experiment with Schoolwide Performance Bonuses Tells Us About Pay for Performance
New York City's Schoolwide Performance Bonus Program did not improve student achievement at any grade level, perhaps in part because it provided no significant additional motivation beyond other accountability incentives.
Jul 18, 2011
Research Brief
Should Global Force Management Information Be Classified?
This research brief describes a method for determining whether information should be classified and applies the method to the Global Force Management Data Initiative.
Jan 31, 2011
Report
What Should Be Classified? A Framework with Application to the Global Force Management Data Initiative
Develops a framework for assessing classification decisions and uses it to conclude that classifying the Global Force Management Data Initiative provides little value (but still advises monitoring file contents).
Jan 31, 2011
Journal Article
Managing Climate Risks in Developing Countries with Robust Decision Making
The authors present the concept of robust decision making (RDM), which draws on already-existing knowledge of practitioners to choose actions that are viable in both the short- and long-term.
2011
Journal Article
Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies
Autonomous vehicle technologies and advanced driver-assistance systems have the potential to improve transportation safety and efficiency.
2009
Report
Effects of Student Displacement in Louisiana During the First Academic Year After the Hurricanes of 2005
In 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita displaced more than one-fourth of Louisiana public school students. This article examines how these students fared in the first academic year following the storms.
Nov 14, 2008
Draft
Supplemental Material for: Effects of Student Displacement in Louisiana During the First Academic Year After the Hurricanes of 2005
The purpose of this document is to publish a complete tabulation of statistical model results reported in an article in the Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk.
Oct 6, 2008

Multimedia

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Safety in a World of Driverless Cars
Feb 15, 2018