Henry H. Willis

Grounded: The FAA Alert System Failure Could Be a Wake-Up Call

It turned out to be a system failure that grounded thousands of flights on January 11, but U.S. critical infrastructure faces a range of threats—from Russian hackers, to weather events, to angry individuals with guns. The government and organizations responsible for critical infrastructure can take steps to actively manage these risks.

America Is Great at Fighting Terrorism, but Terror Is Alive and Well

When terrorists adopt a strategy of pure terror, it's hard to prevent attacks like those in Nice, Columbus, London, Barcelona, or New York. Instead, strategies are needed to counter terrorism's ultimate aim—to instill fear—and to remove some of the incentives of potential attackers.

The Wrong Terrorism Narrative

Solving the problem of homegrown terrorism in the U.S. requires understanding the true nature of the complex problem of violent extremism. With such knowledge, authorities and communities will be better able to develop strategies to prevent the next tragic terrorist killing.

Terrorism Shouldn't Affect Travel Plans

Evidence suggests that the threat of terrorism need not affect individuals' behavior and travel decisions, not even in the wake of attacks such as those in Brussels and Paris.

Out of Line: How to Better Protect Airports from Terrorist Attacks

In airport security, it's not the size of a potential terrorist bomb that matters most, it's where it detonates. Fortunately, new technologies may present opportunities to get travelers out of line and keep them safe.

Ten Years After the Safe Port Act, Are America's Ports Secure?

The economic importance and visibility of America's ports make them attractive terrorism targets. Port security has improved, but many of the threats that motivated the Safe Ports Act in 2006 remain, and new dangers have emerged, including cyber threats.

Streamlining Congressional Oversight of DHS

At a time when terrorist threats abound both at home and abroad, the DHS and Congress should be working as one to bolster America's defenses. To do this Congress should simplify the way it oversees homeland security.

Securing America's Ports by Better Measuring Capabilities

Funding for improving U.S. port security has declined from $389 million in 2008 to $100 million in 2014. This makes it more important than ever to ensure the highest possible return on investment from grant funding.

3 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act Facts for Congress to Consider

With the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act set to expire this year, Congress is currently revisiting a crucial question: What is the appropriate government role in terrorism insurance markets? As the debate unfolds on Capitol Hill, policymakers should consider three key research findings.

Improving DHS Accountability for Acquisitions

While management at the Department of Homeland Security progressed in many areas during the past decade, there is still plenty of room for growth and improvement, especially in the area of acquisition management.

Fight Today's Terrorist Threat, Not Yesterday's

Counterterrorism is not just about daring raids and drone strikes. It is about the hard work of collecting and sifting through vast amounts of information and managing relationships among organizations that often regard sharing information as an unnatural act.

Challenges and Opportunities Ahead for New Homeland Security Secretary

To ensure the Department of Homeland Security makes progress in the current constrained budget environment, its new secretary must put in place a strategic perspective to guide priorities for how to address the country's most pressing problems in disaster management, immigration reform, cybersecurity, violent extremism, and nuclear terrorism.

Border Security Is Key to Immigration Reform

Two important aspects of border security bear continued attention: strategy must be developed as one part of a holistic system of immigration management and any progress on improving this system is reliant on having concrete and sensible objectives and measures of success.

Reacting to Boston

Basing public safety decisions on risk analysis allows authorities to devote public resources to those counterterrorism measures that have the potential to do the most good, writes Henry Willis.

More Secure or Less Free?

It is thus not surprising that people report a willingness to trade convenience, money, and liberty for security. Legal precedent reinforces that decreased civil liberties may be accepted when confronting existential threats with demonstrably effective security—to a point, writes Henry H. Willis.

Revisiting 100% Inspection

It is good that the congressmen have asked the Obama administration to revisit supply chain security. However, precipitous changes to how the global supply chain operates do not seem warranted, may not in fact improve security, and could have costly unintended consequences, writes Henry Willis.

The Upside of Snowmageddon

The city's lame response shows, yet again, why we need more cooperation among local governments.

Speed Low-Risk Travelers Through Increased Security

Published commentary by RAND staff: Speed Low-Risk Travelers Through Increased Security, in Los Angeles Business Journal.

Securing America's Ports

Published commentary by RAND staff: Securing America's Ports, in the San Diego Union-Tribune.

Katrina Shows Supply Chain Needs National Attention

Published commentary by RAND staff: Katrina Shows Supply Chain Needs National Attention in the Los Angeles Business Journal.

Securing U.S. Supply Chain

Published commentary by RAND staff:Securing U.S. Supply Chain appearing in United Press International.

Quality, Not Quantity

Published commentary by RAND staff.

Report

Independent Review of the Homeland Security Grant Program Terrorism Risk Formula and Data

Researchers evaluated the Federal Emergency Management Agency's terrorism risk formula, which considers threat, vulnerability, and consequences of terrorist attacks for allocating resources to the Homeland Security Grant Program.

Commentary

Harnessing the Power of Science and Technology Communities for Crisis Response

In this Perspective, RAND researchers describe how the U.S. Department of Homeland Security could leverage science and technology communities to support the use of science, technology, innovation, and analytical capabilities during crisis response.

Report

An Analytic Inventory of DHS Headquarters Business Processes

This report provides an inventory of U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) analytic capabilities in the including current capabilities in use for decisionmaking, as DHS establishes an Analytic Agenda.

Journal Article

Examining the Effectiveness of Risk Elicitations: Comparing a Deliberative Risk Ranking to a Nationally Representative Survey on Homeland Security Risk

This paper compares the Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks to results from a nationally representative survey. We find evidence that the Deliberative Method for Ranking Risks produces more informed rankings with less evidence of bias.

Report

Homeland Security National Risk Characterization: Risk Assessment Methodology

Presents a risk assessment methodology that can be used to identify the greatest risks to homeland security and support prioritization of U.S. Department of Homeland Security mission elements as part of DHS planning processes.

Journal Article

Examining the Food-Energy-Water and Conflict Nexus

This article provides an in-depth review of the interactions between insecurity and conflict within the component sectors of the FEW nexus.

Report

Scenario Development for the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review: Assessing Stresses, Opportunities, and Resilience in the Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Systems for Oil and Refined-Oil Products, Electricity, and Natural Gas

RAND researchers developed a framework and metrics for examining vulnerabilities, opportunities, and risks to U.S. energy transmission, storage, and distribution systems through 2030 under a range of uncertainties.

Report

Characterizing National Exposures to Infrastructure from Natural Disasters: Data and Methods Documentation

This report serves as the technical documentation and reference document for the data, methods, and analytic approach used in the analysis of national exposures to infrastructure from natural disasters.

Report

Current and Future Exposure of Infrastructure in the United States to Natural Hazards

This report describes insights about exposures from natural hazards now and in the future, as well as gaps in data that, if filled, could improve the nation's ability to assess infrastructure risk and improve infrastructure resilience.

Tool

Developing the Pardee RAND Food-Energy-Water Security Index: Toward a Global Standardized, Quantitative, and Transparent Resource Assessment

To provide information to agencies and efforts focused on food, water, and energy resources, the RAND Corporation developed the Pardee RAND Food-Energy-Water Security Index. This report serves as the technical documentation for the index.

Commentary

Do Significant Terrorist Attacks Increase the Risk of Further Attacks? Initial Observations from a Statistical Analysis of Terrorist Attacks in the United States and Europe from 1970 to 2013

RAND researchers examine whether a significant terrorist attack somehow inspires other terrorist attacks and whether analysis of historical attacks suggests that increases in terrorism can be anticipated in the shadow of a large attack.

Report

Enhancing U.S. Coast Guard Metrics

This report documents logic models detailing elements of the Coast Guard's missions, examines existing metrics, and proposes potential metrics that could improve on or complement existing metrics, together with a framework for applying the metrics.

Report

Measuring the Resilience of Energy Distribution Systems

Researchers develop a framework for measuring the resilience of energy distribution systems and summarize the state of metrics for resilience of the electric power, refined oil, and natural gas distribution systems.

Journal Article

Assessing Homeland Security Risks: A Comparative Risk Assessment of 10 Hazards

The Department of Homeland Security use methods of qualitative comparative risk assessment as part of its approach to strategic planning.

Report

The Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force's Infrastructure Resilience Guidelines: An Initial Assessment of Implementation by Federal Agencies

RAND researchers assessed federal agencies' implementation of the Infrastructure Resilience Guidelines, written by the Presidential Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force to ensure key principles of resilience when investing appropriated funds.

Report

The Future of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act

Recounts the proceedings of a conference to discuss recent RAND research on issues related to the potential reauthorization of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, as well as the varying implications of TRIA's expiration, modification, and extension.

Report

Measuring Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (CBEP) Performance: Capacities, Capabilities, and Sustainability Enablers for Biorisk Management and Biosurveillance

This report describes a project to develop a comprehensive evaluation framework for the Cooperative Biological Engagement Program and recommends metrics for assessing and communicating progress toward the program's goals.

Testimony

Building on the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review to Improve the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Department of Homeland Security: Addendum

Document submitted on July 18, 2014 as an addendum to testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency on June 20, 2014.

Testimony

Building on the Quadrennial Homeland Security Review to Improve the Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Department of Homeland Security

Testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency on June 20, 2014.

Testimony

Securing America's Ports

Testimony submitted before the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee on June 4, 2014.

Report

National Security Perspectives on Terrorism Risk Insurance in the United States

Examines the potential national security implications of allowing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to expire.

Journal Article

Improving the Value of Analysis for Biosurveillance

Biosurveillance provides information that improves decisions about mitigating the effects of disease outbreaks and bioterrorism.

Report

Identifying Enemies Among Us: Evolving Terrorist Threats and the Continuing Challenges of Domestic Intelligence Collection and Information Sharing

A summary of discussions by participants at a seminar on domestic intelligence and information sharing as these relate to terrorist threats.

Report

Links Between Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh

This report assesses what evidence exists for the ways in which local air quality could influence local economic growth and how those effects might be relevant to the Pittsburgh region.

Journal Article

Identifying Key Drivers of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biomass Feedstocks for Energy Production

Many policies in the United States, at both the federal and state levels, encourage the adoption of renewable energy from biomass.

Testimony

Strengthening Strategic Planning and Management at DHS

Testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Management Efficiency on April 26, 2013.

Report

Capabilities-Based Planning for Energy Security at Department of Defense Installations

Energy supplies to Department of Defense (DoD) installations are vulnerable to disruptions from natural hazards and attacks. This paper presents a framework to evaluate choices among strategies to increase installation energy resiliency.

Report

The validity of the preference profiles used for evaluating impacts in the Dutch National Risk Assessment

This report provides an assessment of the validity of preference profiles and associated weights used in the Dutch National Risk Assessment. It also offers recommendations to incorporate public values using scientifically validated methods.

Report

Modeling Terrorism Risk to the Air Transportation System: An Independent Assessment of TSA's Risk Management Analysis Tool and Associated Methods

RAND evaluated a terrorism risk modeling tool developed by the Transportation Security Administration and Boeing to help guide program planning for aviation security.

Report

Assessing the Benefits of U.S. Customs and Border Protection Regulatory Actions to Reduce Terrorism Risks

Summarizes the proceedings of a workshop in which experts on regulatory analysis and terrorism risk examined alternative approaches for estimating the benefits of regulations designed to reduce the risks of terrorist attacks in the United States.

Report

Using Pattern Analysis and Systematic Randomness to Allocate U.S. Border Security Resources

This report investigates how the Office of Border Patrol could employ pattern and trend analysis and systematic randomness to increase interdiction rates and mitigate smuggler adaptation.

Journal Article

Scenario Uncertainties in Estimating Direct Land-Use Change Emissions in Biomass-To-Energy Life Cycle Assessment

The use of biomass for energy production has increasingly been encouraged in the United States, in part motivated by the potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to fossil fuels.

Report

Characterizing the U.S. Industrial Base for Coal-Powered Electricity

This monograph reviews interviews with stakeholders in the U.S. domestic coal-based electricity generation industry and data describing key elements of industry capability and validation or verification of concerns about it.

Journal Article

Incorporating Uncertainty Analysis Into Life Cycle Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Biomass Production

This paper provides a framework for incorporating uncertainty analysis specifically into estimates of the life cycle GHG emissions from the production of biomass.

Journal Article

Resource Allocation, Emergency Response Capability, and Infrastructure Concentration Around Vulnerable Sites

In this paper, we describe a methodology for measuring a region's exposure to infrastructure-related risks that captures both a community's concentration of facilities or sites considered to be vulnerable and of the proximity of these facilities to surrounding infrastructure systems.

Report

Measuring Illegal Border Crossing Between Ports of Entry: An Assessment of Four Promising Methods

Compelling methods for estimating the total flow of illicit U.S. border crossings do not yet exist. This paper describes four innovative and promising approaches to estimating the total flow of illicit border crossings between ports of entry.

Journal Article

Text Analysis of After Action Reports to Support Improved Emergency Response Planning

This study combines a text analysis of 70 after action reports (AARs) with a failure mode effects and consequences analysis (FMECA). This approach provides a mechanism to connect the AAR process with efforts to improve emergency response planning.

Journal Article

Are We Prepared? Using Reliability Analysis to Evaluate Emergency Response Systems

The capabilities and capacities for response are the product of a system of plans, authorities, policies,procedures, personnel, training, materials, equipment and facilities to address post-incident needs.

Journal Article

Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation

The authors quantify a game-theoretic model of terrorist decision making to understand the role of nuclear detection technologies in deterring nuclear terrorism.

Journal Article

Developing National Standards for Public Health Emergency Preparedness with a Limited Evidence Base

National performance standards for public health preparedness can be developed based on existing evidence, but would be helped immensely by a stronger evidence base.

Report

Measuring the Effectiveness of Border Security Between Ports-of-Entry

Focusing on three missions -- illegal drug control, counterterrorism, and illegal migration -- this report recommends ways to measure performance of U.S. border-security efforts in terms of interdiction, deterrence, and exploiting networked intelligence.

Report

Evaluating the Reliability of Emergency Response Systems for Large-Scale Incident Operations

Describes a method, based on the concept of system reliability, for evaluating the preparedness of emergency response systems, particularly for large-scale incidents.

Journal Article

Documentation for the Calculating Uncertainty in Biomass Emissions Model, Version 1.0 (CUBE 1.0): Contents and Use

This report is intended to complement extensive documentation contained in the model itself. CUBE 1.0, available for download on the NETL website, determines the life cycle GHG emissions of biomass feedstocks from planting the biomass to delivery to the bioenergy plant gate ("farm-to-gate").

Journal Article

Federal Initiative Increases Community Preparedness for Public Health Emergencies

This article describes an evaluation of the Cities Readiness Initiative, a federal program to improve communities' ability to dispense medications rapidly during emergencies.

Journal Article

Prioritizing Environmental Health Risks in the UAE

A five-stage process that includes quantitative risk assessment by experts and deliberations by groups of stakeholders appears to provide an effective basis for developing a strategic plan that addresses environmental risks.

Journal Article

Freight Transportation Resilience: How System-Wide Perspective Can Help Metropolitan Planning Organizations and Departments of Transportation

A resilient transportation system is one that minimizes both the initial effect of the disruption and the time required to return the system to normal operations.

Research Brief

Are Communities Ready to Conduct Rapid and Large-Scale Dispensing of Medications During a Public Health Emergency?

This research highlight summarizes the findings of RAND's initial evaluation of the Cities Readiness Initiative and the program's impact on communities' readiness to conduct mass dispensing of medications and other medical supplies.

Report

Initial Evaluation of the Cities Readiness Initiative

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention asked RAND to provide an initial evaluation of the impact of the Cities Readiness Initiative on awardees' readiness and capability to conduct mass countermeasure dispensing.

Journal Article

Information Sharing for Infrastructure Risk Management: Barriers and Solutions

There is a public interest in ensuring that infrastructure systems are appropriately protected and prepared for disruptions.

Brochure

Policy Insight, Volume 2, Issue 5, December 2008: Getting America Back on Track: U.S. Public Policy on Railroads

Discusses whether and how policymakers should invest in expanding U.S. rail infrastructure to help accommodate projected increases in freight traffic.

Research Brief

A Step Forward in Accountability for Public Health Emergency Preparedness: Developing Standards for Mass Antibiotic Dispensing

This fact sheet summarizes the results of a RAND initiative to develop performance standards for distributing antibiotics and other lifesaving medical countermeasures on a large scale within the critical first 48 hours of a public health emergency.

Report

Recommended Infrastructure Standards for Mass Antibiotic Dispensing

This report presents recommended standards for points of dispensing (or PODs), locations where the public would receive life-saving antibiotics or other medical countermeasures during a large-scale public health emergency.

Report

The State of U.S. Railroads: A Review of Capacity and Performance Data

U.S. railroads have improved their productivity, but increasing freight volume threatens to cause performance-degrading capacity constraints. This report describes the current state of railroad capacity and performance for freight transportation.

Research Brief

The Army's Green Warriors: Environmental Considerations in Contingency Operations

This research brief describes the growing importance of environmental considerations for the Army in contingency operations and suggests ways to better address environmental issues in Army planning, training, policy, guidance, and operations.

Report

Green Warriors: Army Environmental Considerations for Contingency Operations from Planning Through Post-Conflict

The growing importance of environmental considerations for the Army in contingency operations, and recommendations for ways to better address environmental issues in Army planning, training, policy, guidance, and operations.

Testimony

Challenges of Applying Risk Management to Terrorism Security Policy

Testimony submitted for the record to the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Transportation Security and Infrastructure Protection on June 24, 2008.

Journal Article

Using Probabilistic Terrorism Risk Modeling for Regulatory Benefit-Cost Analysis: Application to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Implemented in the Land Environment

This article presents a framework for using probabilistic terrorism risk modeling in regulatory analysis.ment, (WHTI-L).

Report

Terrorism Risk Modeling for Intelligence Analysis and Infrastructure Protection

Describes how a probabilistic terrorism model can be used to assess terrorist risk and assist intelligence analysis.

Draft

Using Probabilistic Terrorism Risk Modeling For Regulatory Benefit-Cost Analysis: Application to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative Implemented in the Land Environment

This report introduces a framework for using probabilistic terrorism risk modeling in an analysis of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative, a proposed regulation specifying documentation requirements for entry to the United States by land.

Draft

Using Risk Analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis

Describes how risk analysis can be integrated into the intelligence cyclefor producing terrorism threat assessments and warnings.

Report

Increasing the Capacity of Freight Transportation: U.S. and Canadian Perspectives

Summarizes discussions from a 2006 workshop with more than 30 North American freight transport system stakeholders about capacity and other constraints in the system.

Testimony

Risk Informed Resource Allocation at the Department of Homeland Security

Testimony presented before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security on February 7, 2007.

Journal Article

Accounting for Variation in the Explanatory Power of the Psychometric Paradigm: The Effects of Aggregation and Focus

A study of risk perceptions in Santiago, Chile.

Journal Article

Applying Risk Assessment to Secure the Containerized Supply Chain

Discusses risk assessment and the container transport industry. The global flow of containers represents the lifeblood of modern economies, rendering the global containerized supply chain a potentially attractive target.

Journal Article

Guiding Resource Allocations Based on Terrorism Risk

After briefly reviewing definitions of terrorism risk and rationales for risk-based resource allocation, this article compares estimates of terrorism risk in urban areas that received Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI) funding in 2004 to other federal risk management decisions.

Journal Article

The Roles of Group Membership, Beliefs, and Norms in Ecological Risk Perception

Investigates the variability in ecological risk perceptions by surveying members of four stakeholder groups commonly involved in environmental policy debates.

Report

Maritime Terrorism: Risk and Liability

Explores terrorist threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences, as well as the application of civil liability, in connection with terrorist attacks against targeting ferries, cruise ships, and container ships.

Testimony

Analyzing Terrorism Risk

Written testimony submitted to the House Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, and the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment, 07-25-2006.

Draft

Guiding Resource Allocations Based on Terrorism Risk

Compares estimates of terrorism risk in urban areas that received Department of Homeland Security Urban Area Security Initiative funding in 2004 withother federal risk management decisions, and finds them to be generally consistent.

Report

Protecting Emergency Responders, Volume 4: Personal Protective Equipment Guidelines for Structural Collapse Events

Serves as a technical source for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) incident commander guidelines for emergency response immediately following large structural collapse events.

Periodical

RAND Review: Vol. 30, No. 2, Summer 2006

The cover story warns that Americans have succumbed too much to fear, forsaking the things for which they are fighting; related essays discuss suicide attacks, lessons from Algeria, protection for emergency responders, and public health preparedness.

Research Brief

Assessing Container Security: A Framework for Measuring Performance of the Global Supply Chain

Since 9/11, several programs have been implemented to improve security of the global supply chain. In reviewing these programs, this study concludes that supply-chain efficiency and security are distinct but interconnected and recommends considering ...

Research Brief

Unweaving a Tangled Web: Local Trends and Regional Challenges in Allegheny County

Key findings:--The economies of Pittsburgh and other communities in Allegheny County depend on each other, especially from an employment perspective. --On average, only 13 percent of the residents work in the same town where they live. --For 114 muni...

Research Brief

Transferrring Army Land Containing UXO: Problems and Possible Solutions

The Army asked RAND Arroyo Center to identify and assess obstacles to the transfer of land containing unexploded ordnance (UXO) and then to identify innovative ways to accomplish such transfer.

Testimony

Analyzing Terrorism Risk

Testimony presented before the House Homeland Security Committee, Subcommittee on Intelligence, Information Sharing, and Terrorism Risk Assessment on November 17, 2005.

Report

Review of Literature Related to Exposures and Health Effects at Structural Collapse Events

Reviews the possible health effects of the substances present following a structural collapse to help develop federal guidelines for personal protective equipment used by emergency responders.

Report

Estimating Terrorism Risk

This monograph provides a practical definition of terrorism risk, presents a method of estimating it, and demonstrates a framework for evaluating this method. Results support conclusions on how to improve risk-based resource allocation.

Report

Exemplary Practices in Public Health Preparedness

Briefly describes the methods and criteria used to select exemplary practices in public health preparedness.

Journal Article

Aggregate, Disaggregate, and Hybrid Analyses of Ecological Risk Perceptions

Examines factors of ecological hazards that influence peoples perceptions of risk.

Report

Evaluating the Viability of 100 Per Cent Container Inspection at America's Ports

As U.S. maritime security adapts to the terrorist threat, we argue that quantitative analysis should be used to evaluate security initiatives and present a case study of one proposed measure: 100 percent scanning of containers entering the country.

Report

Framework for Quantifying Uncertainty in Electric Ship Design

RAND presents a framework for assessing various components of electric drive propulsion for naval vessels and determining their effects on overall ship performance.

Report

Transferring Army BRAC Lands Containing Unexploded Ordnance: Lessons Learned and Future Options

Identifies and assesses obstacles to disposing of excess Army lands that contain unexploded ordnance, and identifies innovative options for the disposal of these lands.

Report

Measuring and Understanding Economic Interdependence in Allegheny County

A powerful descriptive analysis of the wealth flows in Allegheny County, this report provides timely and critical information regarding public policy issues affecting a region that includes the City of Pittsburgh.

Report

A Research Agenda for Assessing the Impact of Fragmented Governance on Southwestern Pennsylvania

More definitive information, along the lines discussed in the report, can provide a foundation to move forward and, if potential benefits are apparent, to define a unified vision and set of goals for governance and economic development in Allegheny County.

Report

Evaluating the Security of the Global Containerized Supply Chain

Containerized shipping has always been an attractive target for thieves and smugglers -- and now terrorists. Are today’s security measures working or not? This report lays out a framework for assessing the effects of supply-chain security proposals.

Report

Unexploded Ordnance: A Critical Review of Risk Assessment Methods

Evaluates the technical soundness of existing methods for assessing the risks posed by unexploded ordnance at U.S. military installations.

Journal Article

Ecological Risk Ranking: Development and Evaluation of a Method for Improving Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making

This article reports an extension of the Carnegie Mellon risk-ranking method to incorporate ecological risks and their attributes.

Journal Article

Adolescent Vulnerability: Measurement and Priority Setting