RAND Corporation researchers performed a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact that certain remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), governed by the Missile Technology Control Regime, and their proliferation to U.S. adversaries have on U.S. national security interests and U.S. allies and partners, as well as export controls that might affect that proliferation. In this report, they document their findings.
Assessment of the Proliferation of Certain Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems
Response to Section 1276 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017
Download
Download eBook for Free
| Format | File Size | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| PDF file | 3.2 MB | Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience. |
Purchase
Purchase Print Copy
| Format | List Price | Price | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add to Cart | Paperback90 pages | $26.00 | $20.80 20% Web Discount |
Research Questions
- What are the scope and scale of the proliferation of RPAs that are category I items under the MTCR?
- What threat does their proliferation among adversaries pose to U.S. interests?
- What impact does the proliferation of such aircraft have on the combat capabilities of and interoperability with allies and partners of the United States?
- To what degree has the United States limited the proliferation of such aircraft as a result of the application of a "strong presumption of denial" for exports of such aircraft?
- What are the benefits and risks of continuing to limit exports of such aircraft?
Section 1276 of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2017 requires an independent assessment, directed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, of the impact that certain remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) governed by the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) have on U.S. national security interests. The NDAA requires that this evaluation, in the form of a report, be delivered to the congressional defense committees. The congressional language specifically requires that the assessment include evaluation in six areas: (1) a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the scope and scale of the proliferation of RPAs that are category I items (that is, those presumed not to be exportable) under the MTCR; (2) an assessment of the threat that the proliferation of such aircraft among adversaries poses to U.S. interests; (3) an assessment of the impact that the proliferation of such aircraft has on the combat capabilities of and interoperability with allies and partners of the United States; (4) an analysis of the degree to which the United States has limited the proliferation of such aircraft as a result of the application of a "strong presumption of denial" for exports of such aircraft; (5) an assessment of the benefits and risks of continuing to limit exports of such aircraft; and (6) such other matters as the chair considers appropriate. This report contains the results of the researchers' findings and assessment.
Key Findings
The MTCR Is Only One of Many U.S. Control Mechanisms to Which an Export Request Is Subjected
- Maintaining the MTCR controls has potential security, economic, and political consequences.
- The MTCR's effects on security considerations are somewhat negative because U.S. allies and partners are being negatively affected while the threat to U.S. and allied troops from foreign-made UAVs, mostly from China, has increased.
- The economic impact on the United States is negative because fewer sales are occurring.
- Political impact would appear to be neutral but varies by measured factors.
The MTCR's Impact and Effectiveness in Controlling Category I UAVs Has Eroded
- A subset of category II systems is widely proliferated. These systems have capabilities that are near those of category I systems but with smaller payloads, so the strict category I restrictions do not apply.
- Several nations are now developing and openly marketing category I systems for sale to both MTCR and non-MTCR nations.
- Non-MTCR nations with the capability to manufacture category I systems (e.g., China) have also marketed these systems and, in one case, are building coproduction facilities to produce them.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter Two
An Assessment of the Scope and Scale of the Proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Chapter Three
The Threat That the Proliferation of Large Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Poses to U.S. Interests
Chapter Four
The Impact That the Proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Has on the Combat Capabilities of and Interoperability with U.S. Allies and Partners
Chapter Five
The Effect That the Strong Presumption of Denial Has on Exports of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Chapter Six
Benefits and Risks of Limiting Exports of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Chapter Seven
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix A
Assessment of Missile Technology Control Regime Category I Restriction
Appendix B
Export Data for Category I and Near-Category I Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Research conducted by
This research was sponsored by the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Directorate for Intelligence and conducted within the Cyber and Intelligence Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community.
This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.
This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to this product page is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.
The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.