Cover: Uncovering Multivariate Structure in Classroom Observations in the Presence of Rater Errors

Uncovering Multivariate Structure in Classroom Observations in the Presence of Rater Errors

Published in: Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, v. 34, no. 2, Summer 2015, p. 34-46

Posted on RAND.org on April 24, 2015

by Daniel F. McCaffrey, Kun Yuan, Terrance Dean Savitsky, J. R. Lockwood, Maria Orlando Edelen

We examine the factor structure of scores from the CLASS-S protocol obtained from observations of middle school classroom teaching. Factor analysis has been used to support both interpretations of scores from classroom observation protocols, like CLASS-S, and the theories about teaching that underlie them. However, classroom observations contain multiple sources of error, most predominantly rater errors. We demonstrate that errors in scores made by two raters on the same lesson have a factor structure that is distinct from the factor structure at the teacher level. Consequently, the "standard" approach of analyzing on teacher-level average dimension scores can yield incorrect inferences about the factor structure at the teacher level and possibly misleading evidence about the validity of scores and theories of teaching. We consider alternative hierarchical estimation approaches designed to prevent the contamination of estimated teacher-level factors. These alternative approaches find a teacher-level factor structure for CLASS-S that consists of strongly correlated support and classroom management factors. Our results have implications for future studies using factor analysis on classroom observation data to develop validity evidence and test theories of teaching and for practitioners who rely on the results of such studies to support their use and interpretation of the classroom observation scores.

This report is part of the RAND Corporation External publication series. Many RAND studies are published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals, as chapters in commercial books, or as documents published by other organizations.

The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.