Hardware-Enabled Governance Mechanisms

Developing Technical Solutions to Exempt Items Otherwise Classified Under Export Control Classification Numbers 3A090 and 4A090

Gabriel Kulp, Daniel Gonzales, Everett Smith, Lennart Heim, Prateek Puri, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Zev Winkelman

Published Jan 18, 2024

The authors introduce the concept of hardware-enabled governance mechanisms (HEMs), which have the potential to help achieve U.S. artificial intelligence (AI) governance goals. They explore the export control–related policy objectives that HEMs can support, analyze the threats that HEMs might face, examine the attack vectors that might compromise them, and describe protection measures that could be taken to counter those attacks.

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RAND Style Manual
Kulp, Gabriel, Daniel Gonzales, Everett Smith, Lennart Heim, Prateek Puri, Michael J. D. Vermeer, and Zev Winkelman, Hardware-Enabled Governance Mechanisms: Developing Technical Solutions to Exempt Items Otherwise Classified Under Export Control Classification Numbers 3A090 and 4A090, RAND Corporation, WR-A3056-1, 2024. As of September 4, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WRA3056-1.html
Chicago Manual of Style
Kulp, Gabriel, Daniel Gonzales, Everett Smith, Lennart Heim, Prateek Puri, Michael J. D. Vermeer, and Zev Winkelman, Hardware-Enabled Governance Mechanisms: Developing Technical Solutions to Exempt Items Otherwise Classified Under Export Control Classification Numbers 3A090 and 4A090. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2024. https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WRA3056-1.html.
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The research described in this report was funded by Li Lu Humanitarian Foundation and conducted by RAND Global and Emerging Risks.

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