John Engberg

Senior Economist

Pittsburgh Office

Education

Ph.D., M.S. in economics, University of Wisconsin–Madison; B.A. in economics, Harvard University

One Page Bio

Media Resources

This researcher is available for interviews.

To arrange an interview, contact the RAND Office of Media Relations at (310) 451-6913, or email media@rand.org.

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Overview

John Engberg (he/him) is a senior economist at the RAND Corporation. He specializes in applied statistical methods and microeconomics. Engberg's research spans the areas of education, health, labor markets, economic development, and crime. One theme that connects much of this work is the analysis of data that contain temporal and spatial dependencies; his evaluation of the impact of state enterprise zone programs on local housing and labor markets and his analysis of public school teachers' collective bargaining contracts exemplify this.

Engberg's ongoing projects include a research study of the Wallace Foundation's Partnerships for Social and Emotional Learning Initiative and a randomized trial of public defenders at bail hearings.

Prior to joining RAND, Engberg was an associate professor of economics at the Heinz School of Public Policy and Management at Carnegie Mellon University. He also served as the research director of the Carnegie Mellon Census Data Research Center, one of only a few places in the United States where researchers can obtain access to confidential census data.

Engberg earned his Ph.D. in labor economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Research Focus

Previous Positions

Associate Professor of Economics, Heinz School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University; Research Director, Carnegie Mellon Census Research Data Center

Recent Projects

Urban education reorganization and reform
Caregiver turnover and quality of care in nursing homes and home care
Human resources innovations for effective teaching
Evaluation of the New York City Community School Initiative
Evaluation of Restorative Practices in Pittsburgh Public Schools

Selected Publications

Augustine, CH, Engberg J, Grimm GE, Lee E, Wang EL, Christianson K, and Joseph AA. , Can Restorative Practices Improve School Climate and Curb Suspensions? An Evaluation of the Impact of Restorative Practices in a Mid-Sized Urban School District. , RAND (RR-2840), 2018

Hong K, Zimmer R, Engberg J., "How Does Grade Configuration Impact Student Achievement in Elementary and Middle School Grades?" Journal of Urban Economics, 105, 2018

Ray KN, Chari AV, Engberg J, Bertolet M, Mehrotra A. , "Disparities in Time Spent Seeking Medical Care in the United States," JAMA Internal Medicine , 175(12), 2015

Engberg J, Epple D, Imbrogno J, Sieg H, Zimmer R, "Evaluating Education Programs That Have Lotteried Admission and Selective Attrition," Journal of Labor Economics, 32(1), 2013

Engberg J, Gill B, Zamarro G, Zimmer R, "Closing Schools in a Shrinking District: Do Student Outcomes Depend on Which Schools are Closed?" Journal of Urban Economics, (1), 2012

Engberg J, Morral A, "Reducing Substance Use Improves Adolescents’ School Attendance," Addiction, (101), 2006

Babcock L, Engberg J, Greenbaum R, "Wage Spillovers in Public Sector Contract Negotiations: The Importance of Social Comparisons," Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(4), 2005

Greenbaum R, Engberg J, "The Impact of State Enterprise Zones on Urban Manufacturing Establishments," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(2), 2004

Recent Media Appearances

Interviews: Pittsburgh Tribune-Review

Commentary: Education Week

Commentary

Restorative Justice Isn't a Panacea, but It Can Promote Better Relationships Among Students
Restorative practices aren't necessarily a cure-all. But if implemented well, they can contribute to an overall solution. Teaching children to treat one another with respect has the potential to make schools safer and to help kids get along better throughout their lives.
Oct 21, 2019 The Hechinger Report
What Two New Studies Reveal About Restorative Justice in Middle School and How It Can Be Done Better
There are many nuances to the implementation and impact of restorative practices. This suggests that continued experimentation could allow school districts to realize the benefits of instituting these practices and reduce the cost of doing so.
Apr 17, 2019 The 74 Million
The Impact of Restorative Practices
A recent RAND report focuses on estimates of the impact of restorative practices on comprehensive outcome measures for all students. The report defines these measures in seven outcome domains and leads with the impact on suspensions. It estimates the impact on 50 secondary measures and on the seven primary measures for numerous student subgroups defined by race, income, special needs and English language learner status.
Jan 17, 2019 The RAND Blog
Pittsburgh Schools Are Making Progress
Pittsburgh Public Schools can reach new levels of excellence if its leadership boldly and wisely chooses initiatives that will serve all children and if it uses data to decide which initiatives should continue.
Jul 11, 2016 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
Rethinking Student Discipline and Zero Tolerance
Restorative practices are an alternative to zero-tolerance school discipline policies. Rather than mandating prescribed punishments for specific misbehaviors, this more tailored approach aims to empower students.
Oct 14, 2015 Education Week
Flexibility Is Key in Administration's Call for Teacher Equity Plans
Metrics like teacher experience and licensure reveal little about teachers' impact on student learning. The focus should be on disadvantaged students' access to effective teachers.
Aug 22, 2014 The RAND Blog
School Principals Respond to Performance-Based Evaluation System
It's fair to say the program turned out to be an important step for the district in the context of its overall reform plan considering how important high-quality school leadership is for improving teaching and learning, write Laura Hamilton and John Engberg.
Aug 15, 2012 The RAND Blog

Publications

Research Brief
The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching: A Comparison of School Outcomes
RAND researchers study the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching initiative and find associations between school improvement and staff perceptions of school leaders' behaviors, staff cohesion, and factors outside schools' control.
Sep 21, 2020
Report
Variation in Improvement Among Schools in the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching
RAND researchers investigate factors that might be associated with positive student outcomes for schools that improved during the six years of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching initiative.
Sep 21, 2020
Report
Illustrating the Promise of Community Schools: An Assessment of the Impact of the New York City Community Schools Initiative
This report presents the impact of the New York Community Schools Initiative (NYC-CS) through the 2017--2018 school year by assessing the effects along seven outcome domains based on student- and school-level characteristics.
Jan 28, 2020
Research Brief
What Is the Impact of the New York City Community Schools Initiative?
In this brief, authors present the impact of the New York Community Schools Initiative (NYC-CS) through the 2017–2018 school year by assessing the effects along seven outcome domains based on student- and school-level characteristics.
Jan 28, 2020
Report
Effectiveness of Screened, Demand-Driven Job Training Programs for Disadvantaged Workers: An Evaluation of the New Orleans Career Pathway Training
The authors of this report examine the implementation and effectiveness of a New Orleans job training program that helped lower-skilled, unemployed, and underemployed individuals train for and find skilled jobs in particular industries.
Oct 17, 2019
Research Brief
What Works for Job Training Programs for Disadvantaged Workers: The Case of New Orleans' Career Pathways Training Program
The authors of this brief examine the implementation and effectiveness of a New Orleans job training program that helped lower-skilled, unemployed, and underemployed individuals train for and find skilled jobs in particular industries.
Oct 17, 2019
Draft
Assessing the Short-term Impact of the New York City Renewal Schools Program
Estimates short-term impacts of the New York City Renewal Schools Program based on the first two full years of program implementation.
Apr 5, 2019
Research Brief
Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Enhanced How Teachers Are Evaluated But Had Little Effect on Student Outcomes
The authors of Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Final Report obtained some new funding information after publication. This brief complements the resource results in the report, taking this new information into account.
Feb 11, 2019
Report
Can Restorative Practices Improve School Climate and Curb Suspensions? An Evaluation of the Impact of Restorative Practices in a Mid-Sized Urban School District
This study of Pittsburgh Public Schools' implementation of restorative practices represents one of the first randomized controlled trials of the effects of restorative practices on classroom and school climates and suspension rates.
Dec 27, 2018
Research Brief
Restorative Practices Help Reduce Student Suspensions
A study of Pittsburgh Public Schools' implementation of restorative practices represents one of the first randomized controlled trials of the effects of restorative practices on classroom and school climates and suspension rates.
Dec 27, 2018
Journal Article
The Impact of Worksite Clinics on Teacher Healthcare Utilization and Cost, Self-Reported Health Status, and Student Academic Achievement Growth in a Public School District
Teachers who used school-based health care clinics as the source of primary care were significantly more likely to have fewer inpatient admissions and lower annual health care cost, and were less likely to be absent from work.
Jul 3, 2018
Report
Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Final Report: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2015–2016
This is the final report of a six-year evaluation of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching initiative, documenting the policies and practices each site enacted and their effects on student outcomes.
Jun 21, 2018
Journal Article
One Size Fits All? Disentangling the Effects of Tobacco Taxes, Laws, and Control Spending on Adult Subgroups in the US
Among three state-level tobacco policies (cigarette taxation, tobacco control spending, and smoke-free air laws, only taxation significantly reduced smoking among the general adult population.
Mar 28, 2018
Report
Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Impact on Student Outcomes: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2013–2014
This report estimates the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching initiative's effect on student outcomes through the 2013-2014 school year. The initiative guides personnel practices to give every student access to highly effective teachers.
Sep 7, 2016
Research Brief
Trends in Impact on Student Outcomes: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2013–2014
Researchers evaluated the impact of key reform elements of Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching in three public school districts. This brief summarizes an interim evaluation report.
Sep 7, 2016
Journal Article
Satisfaction of Discharged Nursing Home Residents
Most of the psychometric properties of the CAHPS® Nursing Home survey: Discharged Resident Instrument (NHCAHPS-D) have acceptable levels of reliability.
Jul 25, 2016
Report
Improving Teaching Effectiveness: Access to Effective Teaching: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2013–2014
This report attends to the distribution of effective teachers between low-income minority (LIM) and other students in Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching sites and what might explain changes in LIM students' access to effective teaching.
Jun 6, 2016
Research Brief
Trends in Access to Effective Teaching: The Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching Through 2013–2014
This brief summarizes a RAND Corporation evaluation of the effectiveness of key reforms of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching for low-income minority students in three public school districts and a charter management organization.
Jun 6, 2016
Journal Article
Can Broad Inferences Be Drawn from Lottery Analyses of School Choice Programs? An Exploration of Appropriate Sensitivity Analyses
Researchers can use sensitivity analyses to evaluate whether they, or stakeholders, should be careful in extending their findings on school choice programs to populations or locations beyond those studied.
Apr 1, 2016
Journal Article
Infection Prevention and Control Programs in Nursing Homes: Results from a National Survey
About 1.6 to 3.8 million nursing home (NH) infections are reported each year and this is expected to rise as the NH population increases.
2015
Journal Article
Nursing Homes in States with Infection Control Training or Infection Reporting Have Reduced Infection Control Deficiency Citations
The objective of this study is to determine associations between specific state DOH activities and NH IC citation rates.
2015
Journal Article
Resident and Facility Factors Associated with the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections Identified in the Nursing Home Minimum Data Set
This research examined resident and facility-specific factors associated with a diagnosis of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the nursing home setting.
2015
Journal Article
Disparities in Time Spent Seeking Medical Care in the United States
The Institute of Medicine identifies timeliness of care as a key aspect of quality.
2015
Journal Article
Bounding the Impact of a Gifted Program on Student Retention Using a Modified Regression Discontinuity Design
This paper examines whether gifted programs can help urban districts retain students.
2013
Journal Article
Evaluating Education Programs That Have Lotteried Admission and Selective Attrition
The purpose of this article is to study the effectiveness of educational programs that use lottery-based admission procedures.
2014
Journal Article
Using a Merit-Based Scholarship Program to Increase Rates of College Enrollment in an Urban School District: The Case of the Pittsburgh Promise
This study assesses whether the introduction of the Pittsburgh Promise scholarship program directly influenced changes in rates of college enrollment among students graduating from Pittsburgh public high schools in years immediately following the launch of the program.
Dec 28, 2015
Journal Article
Opportunity Costs of Ambulatory Medical Care in the United States
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Sep 4, 2015
Research Brief
Valuing the Care We Provide Our Elders
RAND researchers found that Americans spend over 30 billion hours each year providing informal care for the elderly, at a cost of $522 billion. These findings underscore the need for workplace policies that provide paid time off for caregivers.
Jan 20, 2015
Journal Article
Disentangling Disadvantage: Can We Distinguish Good Teaching from Classroom Composition?
This article investigates the use of teacher value-added estimates to assess the distribution of effective teaching across students of varying socioeconomic disadvantage in the presence of classroom composition effects.
Jan 19, 2015
Journal Article
The Opportunity Costs of Informal Elder-Care in the United States: New Estimates from the American Time Use Survey
Informal caregiving remains a significant phenomenon in the United States with a high opportunity cost, although it remains more economical (in the aggregate) than skilled paid care.
2015
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress Through 2011 — Summary
This summary of the external evaluation of Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission activities looks at program implementation and changes in health outcomes associated with seven health-related programs funded by the Master Settlement Agreement over the past decade.
Aug 16, 2012
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress Through 2011
This external evaluation of Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission activities looks at program implementation and changes in health outcomes associated with seven health-related programs funded by the Master Settlement Agreement over the past decade.
Aug 16, 2012
Research Brief
Improving School Leadership Through the Pittsburgh Principal Incentive Program
A RAND Corporation report examines the Pittsburgh Principal Incentive Program's implementation, how principals have responded to the reforms, and what outcomes followed program implementation.
Jul 2, 2012
Report
Improving School Leadership Through Support, Evaluation, and Incentives: The Pittsburgh Principal Incentive Program
This report examines the Pittsburgh Principal Incentive Program's implementation, how principals and other school staff have responded to the reforms, and what outcomes accompanied program implementation.
Jun 25, 2012
Journal Article
Closing Schools in a Shrinking District: Do Student Outcomes Depend on Which Schools Are Closed?
This study examines an anonymous urban district that, faced with declining enrollment, chose to make student achievement a major criterion in determining which schools would be closed. The district targeted low-performing schools in its closure plan, and sought to move their students to higher-performing schools.
Mar 1, 2012
Journal Article
The Health Consequences of Relocation for Nursing Home Residents Following Hurricane Katrina
The authors examine whether the relocation of nursing home residents following Hurricane Katrina is associated with subsequent lower physical or mental health.
Nov 1, 2011
Journal Article
The Effects of Arkansas Master Settlement Spending on Disparities in Smoking
We assessed the effect of Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) spending on smoking disparities in Arkansas, which distinguished itself from other states by investing all of its MSA funds in health-related programs.
2012
Journal Article
Evaluating the Gifted Program of an Urban School District Using a Modified Regression Discontinuity Design
This paper examines the impact of a gifted program on retention in an urban school district using a regression discontinuity design.
Sep 1, 2010
Research Brief
The Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Programs: The Impact of One State's Investment in the Health of its Residents
Summarizes results of RAND's evaluation of the progress and impact of Arkansas' antismoking and health programs established with its share of tobacco settlement funds.
Jun 23, 2010
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2008 and 2009
Updates RAND's evaluation of the antismoking and health programs established by the state of Arkansas with its share of the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement funds.
Jun 17, 2010
Journal Article
An Examination of Special Focus Facility Nursing Homes
This descriptive study of nursing home characteristics found that facilities targeted by a CMS improvement initiative typically have fewer nurses and nurse aides and higher rates of quality of care citations.
Jun 3, 2010
Journal Article
The Longitudinal Study of Turnover and the Cost of Turnover in EMS
Annual rates of employee turnover and costs associated with turnover vary widely across types of emergency medical services (EMS) agencies.
2010
Report
National Evaluation of the Demonstration to Improve the Recruitment and Retention of the Direct Service Community Workforce
Evaluates ten demonstrations to increase recruitment and retention among direct service workers -- workers who provide personal assistance or nonmedical services to people who need help with activities of daily living.
Oct 21, 2009
Periodical
RAND Review: Vol. 33, No. 2, Summer 2009
A section on U.S. health care reform accompanies features on piracy, education priorities, emerging technologies, and Arkansas antismoking programs; other stories discuss climate change, parolees, oil risks, Mexican security, and global drug policies.
Aug 17, 2009
Draft
Pittsburgh Public Schools' Data Systems: Opportunities for Analysis in Support of Data-Driven Decisionmaking
The Pittsburgh Public Schools asked RAND to assess the extent to which its data system could be used to inform data-driven decisionmaking at the district level. The study found that, in general, the system is well-suited to this purpose.
Apr 8, 2009
Journal Article
Estimation of Causal Effects in Experiments with Multiple Sources of Noncompliance
The purpose of this paper is to study identification and estimation of causal effects in experiments with multiple sources of noncompliance.
Apr 1, 2009
Journal Article
Factors Associated with Increasing Nursing Home Closures
The authors determine the rate of nursing home closures for 7 years (1999-2005) and examine internal, organizational, and external factors associated with these closures.
2009
Journal Article
The Health Consequences of Using Physical Restraints in Nursing Homes
Using a national longitudinal sample of nursing homes residents we examine whether physical restraint use contributes to subsequent physical or psychological health decline.
2009
Journal Article
A National View of Workplace Injuries in Nursing Homes
Data from a large sample of nursing homes were used to examine the cross-sectional association between workplace injuries and organizational factors, caregiver staffing levels, and quality.
2009
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2006 and 2007
Updates RAND's evaluation of the antismoking and health programs established by the state of Arkansas with its share of the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement funds.
Dec 21, 2008
Journal Article
Further Examination of the Influence of Caregiver Staffing Levels on Nursing Home Quality
Weak empirical evidence exists showing that nursing home staffing levels influence quality of care.
2008
Journal Article
The Influence of Agency Staffing on Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
Data from a large sample of nursing homes were used to examine the cross-sectional association between use of agency staff, regular staff, and quality.
2008
Journal Article
Nurse Aide Agency Staffing and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
Nurse aide agency staff of less than 14 full-time equivalents per 100 beds has little influence on quality in nursing homes, whereas nurse aide agency staff of more than 25 full-time equivalents per 100 beds has a substantial influence on quality.
2008
Journal Article
Physical Restraint Initiation in Nursing Homes and Subsequent Resident Health
Examines whether physical restraint initiation is associated with subsequent lower physical or mental health in nursing home residents. Finds a substantial association between restraint initiation and subsequent adverse health consequences.
2008
Journal Article
The Influence of Staffing Characteristics on Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
The influence staffing levels, turnover, worker stability, and agency staff had on quality of care in nursing homes was examined.
Oct 1, 2007
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress During 2004 and 2005
Evaluates the progress of Arkansas' seven health related programs funded by the tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.
Mar 26, 2007
Report
Justice, Treatment, and Cost: An Evaluation of the Fiscal Impact of Allegheny County Mental Health Court
Presents findings from a fiscal impact study of the Allegheny County Mental Health Court. At one-year follow-up, decreased jail costs approximately offset increased treatment costs. By the end of two years, MHC may result in net savings to taxpayers.
Feb 22, 2007
Journal Article
Nursing Home Administrators' Opinions of the Resident Safety Culture in Nursing Homes
Nursing homes in the near future would benefit by addressing the resident safety culture.
Jan 15, 2007
Journal Article
Have Nursing Home Compare Quality Measure Scores Changed Over Time in Response to Competition?
Examines changes in 15 quality measures for nursing homes, and assesses whether competition and/or excess demand have influenced these scores over a period of 1 year.
2007
Journal Article
Job Satisfaction of Nurse Aides in Nursing Homes: Intent to Leave and Turnover
Training, rewards, and workload are particularly important aspects of nurse aides' jobs.
2007
Journal Article
Nursing Home Deficiency Citations for Medication Use
Examines deficiency citations for medication use in nursing homes, including those for psychoactive drug use.
2007
Journal Article
Nursing Home Staff Turnover: Impact on Nursing Home Compare Quality Measures
Examine the association between staff turnover and quality of care in nursing homes.
2007
Draft
Estimating Graduation and Dropout Rates with Longitudinal Data: A Case Study in the Pittsburgh Public Schools
Describes an improved method for estimating graduation and dropout rates and applies it to the the Pittsburgh public schools.
Jun 15, 2006
Journal Article
A Descriptive Analysis of Average Productivity Among Health Maintenance Organizations, 1985 to 2001
This paper examines the evolution of average productivity among HMOs for 4,419 Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) from 1985 to 2001.
2006
Journal Article
Downsizing in the Nursing Home Industry
Downsizing in the nursing home industry from 1992 to 2003 was examined.
2006
Journal Article
Job Satisfaction of Nursing Home Administrators and Turnover
Indigenous children in school shelters in Mexico suffer from anemia in spite of food that is subsidized, prepared, and served to them.
2006
Journal Article
Organizational Characteristics Associated with Staff Turnover in Nursing Homes
The association between certified nurse aide, LPN, and RN turnover and the organizational characteristics of nursing homes.
2006
Journal Article
Reducing Substance Use Improves Adolescents' School Attendance
Substance use initiation and frequency are associated with reduced educational attainments among adolescents. Reductions in the frequency of alcohol, stimulants and other drug use and the elimination of marijuana use were each associated independently with increased likelihoods of school attendance.
2006
Draft
Assessing the Performance of Public Schools in Pittsburgh
To assist the Pittsburgh Public Schools (PPS) in decisionmaking about the realignment and closure of schools, RAND addressed three key issues by analyzing student-level achievement data in the district. First, achievement gains in the middle grades ...
Dec 2, 2005
Draft
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005
The Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act, a referendum passed by Arkansans in the Settlement Agreement funds in seven health-related programs. The act also created the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission (ATSC) to monitor and evaluate the performance o...
Oct 10, 2005
Draft
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Program Advancement in 2005
The Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act, a referendum passed by Arkansans in the Settlement Agreement funds in seven health-related programs. The act also created the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Commission (ATSC) to monitor and evaluate the performance o...
Oct 10, 2005
Journal Article
Staff Turnover and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes
Examines the association between quality of care in nursing homes and turnover of nurse aides, licensed practical nurses, and registered nurses.
2005
Journal Article
State Variability in Indicators of Quality of Care in Nursing Facilities
Compares state-level physical restraint use, urethral catheterization, contractures, pressure ulcers, and psychoactive medication use as indicators of quality of care in nursing facilities.
2005
Report
Evaluation of the Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Program: Progress from Program Inception to 2004
Evaluates the progress and implementation of the Arkansas tobacco settlement program.
Dec 11, 2004
Draft
Student Achievement in the Pittsburgh Public Schools
Although publicly available school- and district-level test results can, when analyzed and interpreted with appropriate care, give policymakers and the public several useful reference points for beginning an assessment of student achievement in the district.
Nov 23, 2004
Journal Article
An Adoption Study of a Clinical Reminder System in Ambulatory Care Using a Developmental Trajectory Approach
The authors assess 41 medical residents' acceptance and adoption of a clinical reminder system for chronic disease and preventive care management.
Aug 1, 2004
Journal Article
The Effect of Mergers on Firms' Costs: Evidence from the HMO Industry
Mergers between HMOs that produce Medicare and other products are likely to create dis-economies of scope that increase costs.
2004
Journal Article
Response Formats and Satisfaction Surveys for Elders
A factor common to the results of many satisfaction surveys of elders is a lack of response variability.
2004
Journal Article
Use of Claims Data to Examine the Impact of Length of Inpatient Psychiatric Stay on Readmission Rate
This study analyzed the impact of length of stay for inpatient treatment of psychiatric disorders on readmission rates.
2004