This report describes how the Israel Defense Force evolved to meet an adaptive and determined hybrid adversary during its wars in Gaza. It then draws a series of lessons from the Israeli experience for the U.S. Army and the joint force: from the importance of armored vehicles and active protection systems to the limitations of airpower in urban terrain and of conventional militaries to deter nonstate actors.

Cover: From Cast Lead to Protective Edge
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From Cast Lead to Protective Edge

Lessons from Israel's Wars in Gaza

by Raphael S. Cohen, David E. Johnson, David E. Thaler, Brenna Allen, Elizabeth M. Bartels, James Cahill, Shira Efron

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من عملية الرصاص المصبوب إلى عملية الجرف الصامد: دروس من حروب إسرائيل في غزة

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Research Questions

  1. How did the IDF operate in Gaza?
  2. What strategic, operational, tactical, and technological lessons did the IDF learn about urban operations from their experiences in Gaza?
  3. What lessons can the joint force — and the U.S. Army in particular — learn from the Israeli experience?

For more than a decade now, Israel has clashed with Hamas in Gaza, in cycles of violence defined by periods of intense fighting followed by relative lulls. This report covers a five-year period of this conflict — from the end of Operation Cast Lead in 2009 to the end of Operation Protective Edge in 2014. Drawing on primary and secondary sources and an extensive set of interviews, it analyzes how an advanced military fought a determined, adaptive, hybrid adversary. It describes how the Israel Defense Force (IDF) operationally, organizationally, and technologically evolved to meet asymmetric threats. Most broadly, this report details the IDF's increasing challenge of striking a delicate balance between the intense international legal public scrutiny and the hard operational realities of modern urban warfare. In this respect, this report's title — "From Cast Lead to Protective Edge" — captures more than just the names of the two operations that chronologically bracket its scope; it also describes the tension the IDF confronted between the military necessities driving maximalist uses of force and the political imperative for more restrained operations. This report draws a series of lessons from the Israeli experience for the U.S. Army and the joint force: from the importance of armored vehicles and active protection systems to the limitations of airpower in urban terrain and of conventional militaries to deter nonstate actors.

Key Findings

Lessons the U.S. Forces Can Derive from Israel's Wars in Gaza

  • Understanding hybrid adversaries requires appreciating not only their military capabilities, but also the unique set of political pressures that shape their actions.
  • In asymmetric conflicts, public support for the conflict often hinges more on the popular perceptions of the campaign's success than it does on friendly casualties.
  • Modern democratic militaries must increasingly confront lawfare — the strategy of using (or misusing) law as a substitute for traditional military means to achieve a warfighting objective — when combating irregular forces, especially in urban terrain.
  • Air power faces significant limitations in dense urban terrain, especially against hybrid adversaries. Throughout these conflicts, the Israeli Air Force struggled to stop rocket fire from Gaza, much less pressure Hamas to sue for peace.
  • Even advanced militaries face significant challenges in detecting tunnels and fighting in subterranean environments. The IDF was caught flat-footed by Gaza tunnel threat.
  • Armored vehicles and active protective systems prove invaluable in urban warfare. Armored vehicles equipped with active protection allowed IDF units to maneuver inside Gaza without incurring significant casualties.
  • Missile defense has significant potential. While the effectiveness of Israel's Iron Dome program is debated by outside experts, nearly all Israeli experts — inside the IDF and outside government — believe the system works.

Recommendations

  • The U.S. Army should invest in active protection systems and armored vehicles.
  • The U.S. Army should expand its training and preparations for subterranean warfare.
  • The U.S. Army and the joint force should further develop and field rocket and missile defense capabilities.
  • The joint force should incorporate combating lawfare as part of its planning for these campaigns.
  • The joint force should recognize the limitations of airpower in dense urban terrain and accept the need for ground forces in these operations.

Table of Contents

  • Chapter One

    Introduction

  • Chapter Two

    Israel in Gaza: A Brief Background

  • Chapter Three

    Operation Pillar of Defense, 2012

  • Chapter Four

    Operation Protective Edge, 2014

  • Chapter Five

    Protective Edge's Other Fronts

  • Chapter Six

    Lessons of Israel's Experience in Protective Edge

  • Chapter Seven

    Recommendations for the U.S. Army and the Joint Force

Research conducted by

This research was sponsored by the Army Quadrennial Defense Review Office, G-8, Headquarters, Department of the Army, and conducted by the Strategy, Doctrine, and Resources Program within the RAND Arroyo Center.

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