This report examines what the career of a "typical" Army civilian looks like. Using a statistical clustering technique to group career trajectories together by length of service, promotion frequency and timing, and transfers between the Army and other Department of Defense components, the researchers identified common career patterns among individuals who entered the Army civilian workforce between 1981 and 2000 as General Schedule employees.
Career Paths in the Army Civilian Workforce
Identifying Common Patterns Based on Statistical Clustering
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Research Question
- What are the most common career patterns observed among individuals who entered the Army civilian workforce between fiscal years 1981 and 2000 on the General Schedule pay plan?
What does the career of a “typical” Army civilian look like? The conventional wisdom is that individuals who join the Army civilian workforce value the relatively high job security associated with government employment. Further, a common perception is that these individuals join the civilian workforce soon after earning a degree, spend a long career working for the Army, and then leave upon becoming eligible for retirement. However, if many Army civilians follow a different career trajectory — that is, if they spend only a few years working for the Army, or if they move among various Department of Defense (DoD) components — then workforce managers may need to tailor existing workforce management policies on hiring, training, and leadership development to account for these alternative career trajectories.
To investigate these issues, the researchers identified individuals who entered the Army civilian workforce between fiscal years 1981 and 2000 and were on the General Schedule pay plan, and followed their careers until fiscal year 2015 or until they exited the DoD civilian workforce. The researchers then characterized the most common career patterns among these individuals using a statistical clustering method that identifies patterns of career trajectories that are the most similar in terms of length of service, promotion frequency and timing, and transfers between the Army and other DoD components. They also examined the extent to which each career pattern is related to individual and job characteristics.
Key Findings
Army civilians exhibit a diverse array of career trajectories, and most entrants into the Army civilian workforce spend a relatively short amount of time there
- The researchers identified seven common career patterns among Army civilians.
- Nearly two-thirds of all individuals in the cluster analysis were identified with a career pattern characterized as "Short-Term"; individuals in this career pattern spend an average of 5 years in the Department of Defense (DoD) civilian workforce.
Career patterns are related to a variety of individual and job characteristics
- Women are more likely to be in career patterns that include short-term service, service in low grades, and a long gap in service.
- Black and Hispanic individuals are more likely to be in one of the low-grade career patterns and less likely to be in the higher-grade patterns, relative to white individuals.
- The youngest and oldest entrants into the DoD civilian workforce are more likely to be in the short-term pattern. However, young entrants are also more likely to be in career patterns characterized by eventual promotion to the highest grades, in the Army as well as in other parts of DoD.
- More-educated individuals are more likely to be found in higher-grade patterns, which is consistent with higher educational requirements for positions at higher pay grades.
- Individuals with prior military service are much less likely to be in the short-term pattern. They are also more likely to be mobile across DoD components and to exhibit a gap in service.
Recommendations
- Collect systematic information about why employees leave the Army civilian workforce. This can help workforce managers consider whether the high rate of departure during the first few years is a concern.
- Collect information on motivations for moving to the Army from another federal agency. The Army may provide better career advancement opportunities in certain occupations or locations; if this is the case, Army workforce managers may wish to build on these advantages in recruiting talent from elsewhere in the federal government, or to replicate similar conditions in other areas.
- Consider whether hiring outreach strategies could be modified to increase diversity in higher pay grades. A focused effort to encourage the hiring of women in occupations that are associated with longer-term service in higher grades may improve diversity in the pipeline for leadership positions. Similar targeting with respect to prior military service or education credentials may also be effective.
- Examine whether observed career patterns are similar across different segments of the civilian workforce. This can aid career program managers in offering more-effective career guidance to employees and building a workforce with the desired experience mix.
- Explore whether resources are being effectively applied within the civilian workforce. A first step toward this goal would be to systematically document how training resources are distributed across geographic locations, commands, and career programs, as well as individual career stages. Further analysis could then examine whether the application of those training resources is associated with desired retention and promotion outcomes.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter Two
Methods and Data
Chapter Three
Common Army Civilian Career Patterns
Chapter Four
Career Patterns and Individual and Job Characteristics
Chapter Five
Conclusions
Appendix A
Creating the Dissimilarity Matrix Using Optimal Matching
Appendix B
Career Program Mapping
Appendix C
Summary Statistics for Sample
Appendix D
Regression Results
Research conducted by
The research described in this report was sponsored by the by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs and conducted by the Personnel, Training, and Health Program within the RAND Arroyo Center.
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