This study examines the opportunities for leveraging workforce diversity to enhance military effectiveness. The study presents a framework to help guide the UK and US Armed Forces in their assessments of links between different kinds of diversity and military effectiveness, outlines six vignettes illustrating the framework in different areas of Defence activity, and discusses key implications and policy options for the UK and US militaries.

Leveraging diversity for military effectiveness

Diversity, inclusion and belonging in the UK and US Armed Forces

Linda Slapakova, Ben Caves, Marek N. Posard, Julia Muravska, Diana Dascalu, Diana Y. Myers, Raymond Kuo, Kristin Thue

ResearchPublished Aug 23, 2022

In an evolving strategic environment, the Armed Forces need to effectively leverage all available advantages, including those stemming from their workforces, to maximise strategic and operational effectiveness. To support this effort, RAND researchers conducted a study to examine the opportunities for leveraging workforce diversity to enhance military effectiveness.

The study comprised a large-scale literature review as well as semi-structured interviews with subject matter experts and practitioners from the UK and United States to produce three outputs. Firstly, the study provided a framework to help guide the UK and US Armed Forces in their assessments of links between different kinds of diversity and military effectiveness, and how these links may be better leveraged in future. Secondly, the study team developed six vignettes illustrating the framework in relation to various operational and strategic requirements identified by the UK and US Armed Forces. Lastly, the study identified key implications and options for the Armed Forces as they consider leveraging the various operational and strategic advantages provided by diversity.

The study findings show that there are significant opportunities for leveraging workforce diversity to enhance military effectiveness across a wide spectrum of Defence activity. These opportunities cumulatively position diversity as a strategic enabler for the UK and US Armed Forces.

Key Findings

The UK and US Armed Forces can leverage diversity in three key aspects

  • Enhancing organisational capacity for innovation, adaptation and quality of decision-making.
  • Fostering external legitimacy, enhancing ability to project influence and improving engagement with partners, allies and other domestic and international audiences.
  • Improving the Armed Forces' ability to attract, retain and foster skills needed to address current and evolving national security imperatives.

Diversity-related opportunities may best be maximised through recognising specific strategic priorities and requirements

  • Identifying and operationalising the opportunities associated with diversity starts with characterising the strategic environment and associated strategic priorities shaping workforce-related requirements of the UK and US Armed Forces.

There are opportunities for the UK and US Armed Forces to further elevate diversity as a strategic enabler for military effectiveness

In order to operationalise diversity-related opportunities, the Armed Forces need to consider:

  • How diversity can be effectively enabled through recruitment.
  • How a diverse workforce can be effectively managed and rewarded.
  • How the Armed Forces can continuously build their organisational capacity for effectively leveraging diversity.

Recommendations

  • Align ambition for leveraging diversity with addressing any barriers to inclusion.
  • Further improve how diversity is enabled through recruitment, including by considering greater flexibility in military accession policies, leveraging diversity of recruiters, and fostering partnerships with civilian employers.
  • Strengthen the ability of the Armed Forces to effectively reward and provide recognition to a diverse workforce.
  • Build capacity across the Armed Forces, including through identifying how to effectively operationalise and support different diversity networks and harnessing good diversity management practices from beyond Defence.

Topics

Document Details

Citation

RAND Style Manual
Slapakova, Linda, Ben Caves, Marek N. Posard, Julia Muravska, Diana Dascalu, Diana Y. Myers, Raymond Kuo, and Kristin Thue, Leveraging diversity for military effectiveness: Diversity, inclusion and belonging in the UK and US Armed Forces, RAND Corporation, RR-A1026-1, 2022. As of October 14, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1026-1.html
Chicago Manual of Style
Slapakova, Linda, Ben Caves, Marek N. Posard, Julia Muravska, Diana Dascalu, Diana Y. Myers, Raymond Kuo, and Kristin Thue, Leveraging diversity for military effectiveness: Diversity, inclusion and belonging in the UK and US Armed Forces. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2022. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1026-1.html.
BibTeX RIS

Research conducted by

Funding for this research has been provided internally by the RAND Initiated Research (RIR) programme. The research was conducted by RAND Europe.

This publication is part of the RAND research report series. Research reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND research reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity.

This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to this product page is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.

RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.