America's Military and Veteran Caregivers

What Has Changed from 2014 to 2024, and What Still Needs to Be Done?

Rajeev Ramchand, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, et al.

Research SummaryPublished Sep 24, 2024

veteran being pushed in wheelchair by daughter. Photo by adamkaz/Getty Images

Photo by adamkaz/Getty Images

Key Takeaways

Ten years after RAND released its landmark report describing the magnitude of military and veteran caregiving in the United States (Hidden Heroes: America's Military Caregivers),[1] RAND researchers conducted another study to assess the status of military and veteran caregivers (America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: Hidden Heroes Emerging from the Shadows).[2] It is reasonable to ask the following questions: What has changed for the better since 2014? What has gotten worse or stayed the same? Each study used different methodologies, but looking at trends over time suggests where progress has been made and where improvement is still needed.

  • Caregivers to those who served in the post-9/11 era look generally similar in 2024 to how they did in 2014, with the exception that parents account for a lower share of these caregivers. Also similar to 2014 is that post-9/11 caregivers are nearly three times more likely to meet criteria for depression than non-caregivers. The nature of caregiving tasks has changed for these caregivers: In 2024, a greater share of post-9/11 caregivers are assisting with basic functional tasks compared with in 2014, potentially attributable to a group of care recipients who are older (and may have more functional limitations) in 2024 than in 2014.
  • Among those caring for older veterans, there has been little change in caregivers' and care recipients' demographic attributes, caregiver duties, and mental health.
  • The 2024 survey also revealed new considerations among caregivers concerning the economic value of services that military and veteran caregivers provide, higher rates of probable depression among caregivers of younger veterans who served in the pre-9/11 era, and caregivers' perceptions about care recipients' conditions being caused by environmental hazards.

Recommendations are provided for improving the lives of military and veteran caregivers over the next ten years.

In 2014, RAND released Hidden Heroes: America's Military Caregivers,[3] a landmark report commissioned by the Elizabeth Dole Foundation that described the magnitude of military and veteran caregiving in the United States and recommended supports to fill programmatic gaps in services to ensure the well-being of those caring for wounded, ill, and injured service members and veterans (i.e., military and veteran caregivers). Ten years later, in 2024, with support again from the Elizabeth Dole Foundation, RAND researchers conducted another study to assess the status of military and veteran caregivers.[4] It is reasonable to ask what has changed since 2014 for military and veteran caregivers: What has changed for the better? What has gotten worse or stayed the same? Although each study used different methodologies, it is useful to examine trends between 2014 and 2024 to get a picture of the issues where progress has been made and where improvement is still needed.

In the time between studies, policymakers and nongovernmental organizations have mobilized to address many of the gaps noted in the 2014 report. Programs have been established or expanded that provide care directly to caregivers (e.g., financial assistance, respite care), educate and train caregivers and their supporters (e.g., medical providers), build and strengthen community among and for military and veteran caregivers (e.g., peer support groups in person or online), and advocate for expanded legislation to better support military and veteran caregivers. Federal policies and programs to support caregivers have also been implemented or expanded since 2014. And since 2014, additional research has documented the needs of military and veteran caregivers and performed evaluations of the benefits of programs and initiatives designed to support caregivers. Other changes in the past ten years, highlighted in Figure 1, may have also affected the experiences of military and veteran caregivers.

Figure 1. Events That May Have Altered the Experiences of Military/Veteran Caregivers Since 2014

list of events that may have altered the experiences of military/veteran caregivers since 2014
  • Aging of the veteran population
  • Troop withdrawal from Afghanistan
  • Awareness about service member exposure to environmental toxins
  • Legal advances for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority veterans and service members
  • Coronavirus pandemic and associated lockdowns

New Estimates of Military and Veteran Caregivers

A key difference between how the 2024 and 2014 studies were conducted was the way caregivers were identified in the nationally representative surveys that RAND researchers administered as part of their examinations. Specifically, the 2024 method identified caregivers in the population by asking what people did to provide care to others, while the approach used in 2014 asked participants whether they self-identified as caregivers (see box below). Relying on self-identification can fail to identify people who provide care and assistance to others but do not consider themselves to be caregivers, which can lead to undercounting the number of caregivers in the population.

The estimates for caregivers in 2024 are larger for all caregiver groups than in 2014 (see Table 1). The research team attributes the higher numbers to using a more specific and precise method for identifying caregivers in 2024 (see box below). The use of a new and more inclusive measure of caregiving in 2024 prohibits the claim that there are more caregivers in 2024 than in 2014.

Differences in Caregivers to Those Who Served in the Post-9/11 Era

In 2014, RAND researchers estimated that 20 percent, or 1.1 million, of all military and veteran caregivers were caring for someone who had served in post-9/11 conflicts. In 2024, the research team estimated that post-9/11 caregivers now represent 10.3 percent of all military and veteran caregivers (Table 1).[5] The lower share of post-9/11 caregivers may be due to the aging of the veteran population: More pre-9/11 veterans may require caregiving support, which would drive down the proportion of post-9/11 caregivers even if the absolute number were to remain the same.

Although the share of post-9/11 caregivers among all military and veteran caregivers is smaller in 2024 than in 2014, the absolute number of post-9/11 caregivers is larger. The RAND research team attributes this to the new way of identifying caregivers that resulted in more caregivers overall.

Table 1. Military/Veteran Caregivers in the U.S. Population

Category 2014 2024
Number of caregivers 22.6 million 105.6 million
Percentage of adult U.S. population 9.4% 40.5%
Number of military/veteran caregivers 5.5 million 14.3 million
Percentage of all caregivers 24.3% 13.5%
Number of post-9/11 caregivers 1.1 million 1.5 million
Percentage of all military/veteran caregivers 19.6% 10.3%

Differences in Post-9/11 Caregivers' Relationships to Care Recipients

In 2014, spouses accounted for roughly one-third of post-9/11 military/veteran caregivers, estimates that were comparable to the results in 2024. In 2014, the research team forecasted that as parent caregivers aged, fewer of them would be able to provide caregiving support. The 2024 data bear out this prediction: Parents account for 12 percent (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0%–23%)[6] of post-9/11 caregivers in 2024 relative to 25 percent in 2014. There is also evidence that the proportion of friends and neighbors serving as caregivers declined but that other family members (that is, siblings, nieces and nephews, and uncles and aunts) are stepping up to provide caregiving support, as that proportion grew from 10 percent in 2014 to 29 percent (95% CI: 10%–48%) in 2024 (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Post-9/11 Care Recipients' Relationships to Caregivers, 2014 and 2024

Post-9/11 care recipient (2014)

  • Spouse: 33 percent
  • Parent: 25 percent
  • Friend/neighbor: 26 percent
  • Other family: 10 percent
  • Child: 6 percent

Post-9/11 care recipient (2024)

  • Spouse: 35 percent
  • Parent: 12 percent
  • Friend/neighbor: 18 percent
  • Other family: 29 percent
  • Child: 6 percent

Differences in Post-9/11 Caregivers' and Their Care Recipients' Attributes

In many ways, post-9/11 caregivers look similar in 2024 to how they looked in 2014: Gender, age, work status, and past military service among caregivers are generally comparable (Figure 3). Post-9/11 care recipients also look mostly similar to how they did in 2014, except, as expected, they are older: In 2014, only 6 percent were over 55, but in 2024, 35 percent are over 55.[7]

Figure 3. Differences in Post-9/11 Care Recipients and Caregivers from 2014 to 2024

breakdown of characteristics of caregivers and recipients from 2014 to 2024

Post-9/11 Caregiving

  • Caregiver characteristics (2014)
    • 59% female
    • 14% over age 55; 37% 30 or younger
    • 63% working (full or part time)
    • 20% Military service (current or past service)
  • Care recipient characteristics (2014)
    • 15% female
    • 6% over age 55
    • 61% had deployed to a war zone
  • Caregiver characteristics (2024)
    • 60% female
    • 21% 30 or younger; 12% 55 or older
    • 60% working (full or part time)
    • 27% Military service (current or past service)
  • Care recipient characteristics (2024)
    • 13% female
    • 35% over age 55
    • 57% deployed to a war zone

Post-9/11 Care Recipients' Conditions and Their Caregivers' Duties

In 2014, the most-prevalent conditions among post-9/11 care recipients were mental health or substance use conditions: 64 percent of post-9/11 caregivers were caring for someone with a mental health or substance use disorder. This estimate has grown slightly in 2024, in which 70 percent (95% CI: 51%–89%) of post-9/11 care recipients were estimated to have a mental health or substance use disorder diagnosis.

With respect to caregiving activities, a comparable proportion of post-9/11 caregivers in 2024 (56 percent, 95% CI: 37%–75%) as in 2014 (64 percent) reported helping care recipients cope with stressful situations or other emotional and behavioral challenges. On the other hand, in 2024, a greater share of post-9/11 caregivers are assisting with basic functional tasks: 60 percent (95% CI: 43%–76%) help with at least one activity of daily living relative to 44 percent who provided this support in 2014. This may be attributable to an older care recipient group in 2024 with more functional needs.

In 2014, just under half of post-9/11 caregivers had a network of family members and friends who helped them provide caregiving assistance; these estimates look similar in 2024.

Post-9/11 Caregivers' Mental Health

In 2014, 38 percent of post-9/11 military/veteran caregivers met criteria for depression, nearly four times that of non-caregivers. The mental health of post-9/11 caregivers may be improving slightly, though depression is still high: In 2024, 33 percent (95% CI: 18%–47%) of post-9/11 caregivers met criteria for depression, an estimate nearly three times greater than for non-caregivers.

Caregiving for Older Veterans

In 2014, the research team presented estimates for two groups of military/veteran caregivers: caregivers to those who served after September 11, 2001, (post-9/11 caregivers) and caregivers to those who served prior to September 11, 2001, but not after (pre-9/11 caregivers). In 2024, in addition to the estimates for post-9/11 caregivers described above, the research team presented comparisons for two different groups of military/veteran caregivers: caregivers to those 60 and under and caregivers to those over 60. Although not an exact comparison group, 88 percent of pre-9/11 care recipients in 2014 were over age 55, making them a reasonable proxy to compare with 2024 estimates of military/veteran caregivers to those over 60.

In general, the groups looked comparable in 2024 to how they appeared in 2014, as described below.>

Caregivers' Relationships to Care Recipients

The research team observed that fewer caregivers to older veterans were members of the "other family" category in 2024 (13 percent; 95% CI: 10%–17%) than in 2014 (21 percent), with modest increases among all other caregivers (spouses, children caring for parents, and friends and neighbors; Figure 4).

Figure 4. Older Veteran Care Recipients' Relationships to Caregivers, 2014 and 2024

Pre-9/11 care recipient (2014)

  • Spouse: 22 percent
  • Parent: 37 percent
  • Friend/neighbor: 20 percent
  • Other family: 19 percent
  • Child: 2 percent

Military/veteran care recipient over 60 (2024)

  • Spouse: 23 percent
  • Parent: 42 percent
  • Friend/neighbor: 22 percent
  • Other family: 12 percent
  • Child: 1 percent

Caregivers' and Care Recipients' Attributes

For the most part, caregivers to older veterans in 2024 look similar to how they did in 2014. One exception is that more caregivers in 2024 are young adults (i.e., 11 percent were 30 or under in 2014, and 14 percent [95% CI: 10%–17%] are under 30 in 2024). Care recipients also look similar, although fewer in 2024 (38 percent, 95% CI: 33%–43%) had deployed to a war zone than in 2014 (48 percent; Figure 5).

Figure 5. Differences in Older Care Recipients and Their Caregivers Between 2014 and 2024

breakdown of differences in characteristics of caregivers and older care recipients from 2014 to 2024

Pre-9/11 Caregiving

  • Caregiver characteristics (2014)
    • 58% female
    • 46% over age 55; 11% 30 or younger
    • 47% working (full or part time)
    • 9% Military service (current or past service)
  • Care recipient characteristics (2014)
    • 16% female
    • 88% over age 55
    • 48% had deployed to a war zone

Caregiving to Veterans over 60

  • Caregiver characteristics (2024)
    • 58% female
    • 14% 30 or younger; 51% 55 or older
    • 46% working (full or part time)
    • 7% Military service (current or past service)
  • Care recipient characteristics (2024)
    • 13% female
    • 100% over age 60
    • 38% deployed to a war zone

Differences in Older Veterans' Conditions and Their Caregivers' Duties

In 2024, the research team used a different list than in 2014 to describe the types of conditions that care recipients had. Nonetheless, there are similarities in what is most common, with cardiovascular, hearing, and musculoskeletal conditions being the most frequent diagnoses (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Most Common Conditions Diagnosed Among Older Veteran Care Recipients, 2014 and 2024

breakdown of most common conditions diagnosed among older veteran care recipients in 2014 and 2024

Pre-9/11 Caregiving (2014)

  1. Hypertensive vascular disease: 59%
  2. Back pain: 58%
  3. Hearing loss: 49%
  4. Limited motion or other knee impairment: 45%
  5. Diabetes: 31%

Caregiving to Veterans over 60 (2024)

  1. A cardiovascular condition: 50%
  2. Hearing problems: 49%
  3. A musculoskeletal condition: 43%
  4. Poor circulation in legs: 37%
  5. Vision problems: 37%
  6. Neurological condition: 37%

The similarities in care recipients' medical conditions explain, in part, the similarities in caregiving activities among those caring for older veterans. Both in 2014 and 2024, just over half assisted with at least one activity of daily living, while 49 percent in 2014 and 41 percent (95% CI: 35%–46%) in 2024 helped care recipients cope with stressful situations or other emotional and behavioral challenges (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Caregiving Activities Among Caregivers to Older Veteran Care Recipients, 2014 and 2024

Caregiving activity Pre-9/11 care recipient (2014) Military/veteran care recipient over 60 (2024)
Help with at least one ADL54%51%
Help coping with stressful situations or avoiding "triggers" of anxiety or antisocial behavior49%41%

In 2014, 29 percent of pre-9/11 caregivers were sole caregivers that lacked a network of family members and friends who helped them provide caregiving assistance; in 2024, the proportion of military/veteran caregivers to those over 60 lacking a support network is comparable (36 percent, 95% CI: 31%–41%).

Caregivers' Mental Health

A comparable proportion of caregivers to older veterans met criteria for depression in 2024 (15 percent, 95% CI: 11%–19%) as in 2014 (19 percent).

Other Noteworthy Trends over the Past Decade

The 2024 Estimate of the Value of Services That Military and Veteran Caregivers Provide Is Much Higher Than in 2014

In 2014, the research team estimated the yearly value of the care provided by military/veteran caregivers to be $13.6 billion. In 2024, the value is estimated to be between $119 billion and $485 billion per year. This significant increase is due, in part, to the increased number of caregivers identified in the 2024 survey, but it is also due to increases in wages over the past ten years. The wide range of estimates in 2024 is due to different assumptions about what caregiving wages would command in the formal labor market; at the low end are wages comparable to state minimum wage that may be appropriate for some caregiving tasks (e.g., providing transportation to a medical appointment), and at the high end are wages of a registered nurse that would be appropriate for such tasks as inserting feeding tubes or administering oxygen.

In 2024, the research team provided new estimates of caregivers' forgone earnings: unearned income due to reallocating time away from paid labor activities to unpaid caregiving activities. On average, military/veteran caregivers forgo an estimated $4,522 in household income per year.

Caregivers to Veterans 60 and Under Who Did Not Serve Post-9/11 May Represent a Struggling Group Not Previously Identified

A group not identified in 2014 but included in 2024 is caregivers to veterans who served in the pre-9/11 era but are still 60 years of age or under. In fact, among all military/veteran care recipients age 60 and under, those who served in the post-9/11 era compose only 41 percent (they make up only 2 percent of care recipients over 60). The RAND research team estimated that 43 percent (95% CI: 34%–52%) of all military/veteran caregivers to those 60 and under meet criteria for depression compared with 32 percent (95% CI: 18%–47%) of post-9/11 military/veteran caregivers. Further research into these caregivers, and the programs that are available for them, is warranted.

One in Five Caregivers to Younger Service Members and Veterans Attribute Some of Their Care Recipients' Conditions to Being Exposed to Environmental Hazards

Since 2014, concern has grown about the effects of exposures to environmental toxins among service members and their families. This concern resulted, in 2022, in President Joe Biden signing the Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxins (PACT) Act, which expands U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs benefits to those veterans with conditions linked to such exposures. In 2024, the RAND research team asked military/veteran caregivers whether they thought their care recipients’ health conditions were a result of exposure to burn pits, Agent Orange, or other toxic substances during their military service. One-fifth (21 percent, 95% CI: 14%–29%) of those caring for someone 60 or under and 13 percent (95% CI: 10%–17%) of those caring for someone over 60 felt definite that at least one condition was caused by exposure to an environmental toxin.

Recommendations for the Next Ten Years

The last ten years have brought tremendous change in awareness of the struggles of military/veteran caregivers and their importance in ensuring the health of wounded, ill, or injured service members and veterans. Many more organizations support these hidden heroes now than did in 2014, and programmatic and policy advances have undoubtedly changed the lives of many military/veteran caregivers for the better. However, as suggested by the comparisons detailed in this report, the struggles of many military/veteran caregivers remain the same.

Based on these findings, the 2024 report provides nine recommendations. The headings highlight those that are new in 2024, those that remain as important now as they were in 2014, and priorities for evaluation and future research. Full details are provided in Chapter 10 of Emerging from the Shadows.[8]

2024 Recommendations for Better Supporting Military and Veteran Caregivers

New Recommendations for 2024

  • Increase access to mental health and substance use treatment for caregivers and their children. In 2024, the RAND research team highlights the potential value of novel mental health care delivery models—including telehealth, asynchronous counseling, mobile health apps, task shifting, and Collaborative Care (which integrates evidence-based mental health care into primary care)—to help meet the unmet mental health needs of caregivers and their children.
  • Increase opportunities for caregivers to access available financial support, and offer additional financial compensation to caregivers for the work they perform. Organizations that serve caregivers should inform them about programs that provide financial assistance and help them apply for those programs, and policymakers should continue to explore tax credit options for caregivers.
  • Expand and promote home health care considering how caregivers will be affected. Caregivers may need to coordinate and train home health care teams and providers, could have increased out-of-pocket costs associated with keeping care recipients at home, and might face additional work disruptions negotiating home health care teams. Residential options should continue to be pursued and made accessible, particularly for those care recipients who will be safest in residential placement.
  • Focus programmatic and social support within the context of local conditions in which military/veteran caregivers live.Policies and interventions aimed at military/veteran caregivers should take local resources, such as housing, food access, or economic conditions, into account.

Strengthened Recommendations from 2014

  • Tailor caregiver support programs to reflect caregivers' diverse preferences and needs. Organizations that serve caregivers should continue to consider the diversity in caregivers’ preferences and needs in how they conduct outreach to caregivers, the content of these programs, and the ways in which programs are delivered.
  • Encourage health care systems to better integrate caregivers into health care teams. Health systems still need to be incentivized to better include caregivers in health care teams. Evaluation research should test whether efforts to integrate caregivers into health care environments improve patient outcomes, create cost savings, and increase demand. Policymakers should continue to consider creating new mechanisms that incentivize health care systems to integrate caregivers into health care teams.
  • Promote work environments that are supportive of caregivers. Although employers are increasingly offering temporal and spatial flexibility to workers, many military and veteran caregivers are not offered temporal flexibility or telework options.

Research/Evaluation Recommendations

  • Continue to conduct rigorous evaluations of those initiatives designed to support military and veteran caregivers. Evaluation is key to ensuring that programs are achieving their intended outcomes and are worth the resources and time that caregivers devote to participating in them.
  • Continue to conduct research that fully captures the breadth of caregiving and those who serve as caregivers. Defining caregivers based on the activities they perform, instead of through their identity as a caregiver, identifies many more individuals taking on caregiving roles. One research priority is to further describe these activities, particularly for caregivers to those with mental health conditions, substance use disorders, and neurocognitive conditions like traumatic brain injury and dementia, to fully support caregivers to individuals with these conditions.

Notes

  • [1] Rajeev Ramchand, Terri Tanielian, Michael P. Fisher, Christine Anne Vaughan, Thomas E. Trail, Caroline Batka, Phoenix Voorhies, Michael W. Robbins, Eric Robinson, and Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Hidden Heroes: America's Military Caregivers, RAND Corporation, RR-499-TEDF, 2014. As of February 7, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR499.html
  • [2] Rajeev Ramchand, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, Thomas E. Trail, and Kayla M. Williams, America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: Hidden Heroes Emerging from the Shadows, RAND Corporation, RR-A3212-1, 2024. As of September 24, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3212-1.html
  • [3] Rajeev Ramchand, Terri Tanielian, Michael P. Fisher, Christine Anne Vaughan, Thomas E. Trail, Caroline Batka, Phoenix Voorhies, Michael W. Robbins, Eric Robinson, and Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Hidden Heroes: America's Military Caregivers, RAND Corporation, RR-499-TEDF, 2014. As of February 7, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR499.html
  • [4] Rajeev Ramchand, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, Thomas E. Trail, and Kayla M. Williams, America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: Hidden Heroes Emerging from the Shadows, RAND Corporation, RR-A3212-1, 2024. As of September 24, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3212-1.html
  • [5] All estimates for post-9/11 caregivers and care recipients are available in a supplemental report to Emerging from the Shadows entitled America's Post-9/11 Military and Veteran Caregivers: Michael W. Robbins, Rajeev Ramchand, Gretchen Swabe, and Kelly Hyde, America's Post-9/11 Military and Veteran Caregivers, RAND Corporation, RR-A3212-4, 2024. As of September 24, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3212-4.html
  • [6] The research team did not conduct statistical tests between the 2014 and 2024 estimates, but 95% CIs are presented along with 2024 estimates in this brief to help readers discern the precision of the estimate.
  • [7] These are estimates produced by the authors for this brief for exact comparison with the 2014 data. However, this category (care recipient over 55) is not presented in Robbins et al., 2024. For all other post-9/11 caregiver and care recipient estimates, see Michael W. Robbins, Rajeev Ramchand, Gretchen Swabe, and Kelly Hyde, America's Post-9/11 Military and Veteran Caregivers, RAND Corporation, RR-A3212-4, 2024. As of September 24, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3212-4.html
  • [8] Rajeev Ramchand, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, Thomas E. Trail, and Kayla M. Williams, America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: Hidden Heroes Emerging from the Shadows, RAND Corporation, RR-A3212-1, 2024. As of September 24, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA3212-1.html
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Ramchand, Rajeev, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, Thomas E. Trail, and Kayla M. Williams, America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: What Has Changed from 2014 to 2024, and What Still Needs to Be Done? RAND Corporation, RB-A3212-2, 2024. As of October 14, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RBA3212-2.html
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Ramchand, Rajeev, Sarah Dalton, Tamara Dubowitz, Kelly Hyde, Nipher Malika, Andrew R. Morral, Elie Ohana, Vanessa Parks, Terry L. Schell, Gretchen Swabe, Thomas E. Trail, and Kayla M. Williams, America's Military and Veteran Caregivers: What Has Changed from 2014 to 2024, and What Still Needs to Be Done? Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2024. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RBA3212-2.html.
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