The authors examine whether low-income individuals are stacking credentials and benefiting economically. They also explore four systemic barriers to equity in stackable credential pipelines, including limited opportunities to stack credentials in some fields and in some institutions, insufficient information to identify and stack credentials of value, and challenges moving from noncredit to credit programs.

Stackable Credential Pipelines and Equity for Low-Income Individuals

Evidence from Colorado and Ohio

Lindsay Daugherty, Peter Riley Bahr, Peter Nguyen, Jennifer May-Trifiletti, Rooney Columbus, Jonah Kushner

ResearchPublished Apr 13, 2023

Federal, state, and local initiatives have encouraged education and training providers to build stackable credentials, a series of postsecondary credentials that can be earned over time and that build on each other to prepare individuals for different needs for knowledge and skills throughout a career. By offering flexible pathways that allow individuals to earn credentials incrementally and work as they earn credentials, stackable credentials can advance economic and educational opportunity for low-income individuals and other groups that have not been well served in traditional degree programs. However, there is limited evidence on whether low-income individuals are benefiting from stacking credentials and whether low-income individuals face systemic barriers to equity within stackable credential pipelines.

In this report, the authors take a mixed methods approach to examining stackable credential equity in Colorado and Ohio, two states pursuing stackable credential initiatives. The authors analyzed administrative data to describe patterns in credential-stacking and in earnings for low-income individuals relative to middle- and high-income individuals. They identify four potential systemic barriers to equity within stackable credential pipelines and interview key stakeholders to learn more about factors contributing to these barriers and discuss options to ensure equitable opportunities to stack credentials across fields of study and institutions.

Key Findings

  • Low-income certificate-earners earned multiple credentials (i.e., stacked credentials) and went on to earn longer-term credentials (i.e., stacked vertically) at higher rates than middle- and high-income certificate-earners.
  • Low-income vertical stackers experienced positive economic returns from stacking and narrowed the earnings gap between low-income individuals and middle- and high-income individuals, suggesting that stackable credentials can potentially help to advance equity.
  • Low-income certificate-earners are overrepresented in some fields of study that offer limited stacking opportunities and low economic returns (e.g., culinary arts), and they are underrepresented in some fields where individuals frequently stack credentials and see high economic returns (e.g., information technology, manufacturing and engineering technology).
  • Stakeholders described many factors that might limit opportunities to stack credentials across institutions and fields, including limited workforce needs and industry engagement, substantial program startup costs, the administrative burden associated with designing new credential programs, challenges with faculty recruitment, insufficient access to equipment and instructional resources, and competition between institutions.
  • Individuals have limited information on stackable credential programs and credential value, and interviewees attributed this lack of information to common perceptions about the value of college and particular fields, constraints on faculty and advisors, and limited messaging from industry.
  • Low-income individuals account for a larger percentage of students who earn noncredit certificates, and students who earn noncredit certificates rarely go on to earn credit-bearing credentials. Alignment issues, perceptions of quality, limited awareness of noncredit-to-credit articulation agreements, and the administrative burden involved in articulating credit are all factors that limit noncredit-to-credit stacking.

Recommendations

  • States and institutions should continue to scale initiatives that help individuals stack credentials.
  • States and institutions should identify and scale credentials of value and discourage the development of low-value programs.
  • States and institutions should allocate resources strategically to cover the substantial costs involved in developing stackable credentials.
  • States and institutions should identify opportunities for coordination and alignment.
  • States and institutions should ensure that low-income individuals and other historically underserved populations are aware of stackable programs and credential value. Enhancing state and local informational resources, better leveraging career services, providing additional resources to enhance advising, and encouraging greater partnership with industry were several suggestions from stakeholders for how to improve awareness of stackable credential programs.
  • States and institutions should continue to break down barriers between noncredit training and college credit-bearing programs, while collecting better noncredit data.

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Document Details

  • Copyright: RAND Corporation
  • Availability: Available
  • Year: 2023
  • Print Format: Paperback
  • Paperback Pages: 80
  • Paperback Price: $28.50
  • Paperback ISBN/EAN: 978-1-9774-1120-4
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA2484-1
  • Document Number: RR-A2484-1

Citation

RAND Style Manual
Daugherty, Lindsay, Peter Riley Bahr, Peter Nguyen, Jennifer May-Trifiletti, Rooney Columbus, and Jonah Kushner, Stackable Credential Pipelines and Equity for Low-Income Individuals: Evidence from Colorado and Ohio, RAND Corporation, RR-A2484-1, 2023. As of September 12, 2024: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2484-1.html
Chicago Manual of Style
Daugherty, Lindsay, Peter Riley Bahr, Peter Nguyen, Jennifer May-Trifiletti, Rooney Columbus, and Jonah Kushner, Stackable Credential Pipelines and Equity for Low-Income Individuals: Evidence from Colorado and Ohio. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2023. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA2484-1.html. Also available in print form.
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This study was sponsored by Ascendium Education Group and conducted by RAND Education and Labor in collaboration with the Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education at the University of Michigan–Ann Arbor.

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